မေႃႇၵျူး:languages: လွင်ႈပႅၵ်ႇပိူင်ႈ ၼႂ်းၵႄႈ လွင်ႈၶူၼ်ႉၶႆႈ

လုၵ်ႉတီႈ ဝိၵ်ႇသျိၼ်ႇၼရီႇ မႃး
Browse history interactively
ၵၢၼ်မႄးထတ်း ဢၼ်ၵဝ်ႇၵၢၼ်မႄးထတ်း ဢၼ်မႂ်ႇမႂ်ႇ
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary
Tag: Undo
No edit summary
Tag: Reverted
ထႅဝ် 1: ထႅဝ် 1:
local export = {}
local export = {}


local function do_entry_name_or_sort_key_replacements(text, replacements)
local function track(page, code)
local tracking_page = "languages/" .. page
if replacements.from then
if code then
for i, from in ipairs(replacements.from) do
require("Module:debug/track"){tracking_page, tracking_page .. "/" .. code}
local to = replacements.to[i] or ""
else
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, from, to)
require("Module:debug/track")(tracking_page)
end
return true
end

local checkObject = require("Module:utilities").check_object

local function make_language(code, data, useRequire)
local function conditionalRequire(modulename)
if useRequire then
return require(modulename)
else
return mw.loadData(modulename)
end
end
end
end
-- Temporarily convert various formatting characters to PUA to prevent them from being disrupted by the substitution process.
if replacements.remove_diacritics then
local function doTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, noTrim)
if replacements.remove_exceptions then -- converts any exceptions into PUA characters, to avoid having characters stripped
-- Clone so that we don't insert any extra patterns into the table in package.loaded.
for _,exception in ipairs(replacements.remove_exceptions) do
local patterns = require("Module:table").shallowcopy(require("Module:languages/data/patterns"))
local substitute = {mw.ustring.codepoint(exception,1,mw.ustring.len(exception))}
if keepCarets then
for _,codepoint in ipairs(substitute) do codepoint = codepoint+0xF000 end
table.insert(patterns, "((\\+)%^)")
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, exception, table.concat(substitute))
table.insert(patterns, "((%^))")
end
-- Ensure any whitespace at the beginning and end is temp substituted, to prevent it from being accidentally trimmed. We only want to trim any final spaces added during the substitution process (e.g. by a module), which means we only do this during the first round of temp substitutions.
if not noTrim then
table.insert(patterns, "^([\128-\191\244]*(%s+))")
table.insert(patterns, "((%s+)[\128-\191\244]*)$")
end
-- Pre-substitution, of "[[" and "]]", which makes pattern matching more accurate.
text = text
:gsub("%f[%[]%[%[", "\1")
:gsub("%f[%]]%]%]", "\2")
local i, pe = #subbedChars, require("Module:utilities").pattern_escape
for j, pattern in ipairs(patterns) do
-- Patterns ending in \0 stand are for things like "[[" or "]]"), so the inserted PUA are treated as breaks between terms by modules that scrape info from pages.
local term_divider
pattern = pattern:gsub("%z$", function(divider)
term_divider = divider == "\0"
return ""
end)
text = text:gsub(pattern, function(...)
local m = {...}
local m1New = m[1]
for k = 2, #m do
local n = i + k - 1
subbedChars[n] = m[k]
local byte2 = math.floor(n / 4096) % 64 + (term_divider and 128 or 136)
local byte3 = math.floor(n / 64) % 64 + 128
local byte4 = n % 64 + 128
m1New = m1New:gsub(pe(m[k]), "\244" .. string.char(byte2) .. string.char(byte3) .. string.char(byte4), 1)
end
i = i + #m - 1
return m1New
end)
end
text = text
:gsub("\1", "%[%[")
:gsub("\2", "%]%]")
return text, subbedChars
end
-- Reinsert any formatting that was temporarily substituted.
local function undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars)
local pe = require("Module:utilities").pattern_escape
for i = 1, #subbedChars do
local byte2 = math.floor(i / 4096) % 64 + 128
local byte3 = math.floor(i / 64) % 64 + 128
local byte4 = i % 64 + 128
text = text:gsub("\244[" .. string.char(byte2) .. string.char(byte2+8) .. "]" .. string.char(byte3) .. string.char(byte4), pe(subbedChars[i]))
end
text = text
:gsub("\1", "%[%[")
:gsub("\2", "%]%]")
return text
end
-- Convert any HTML entities.
local function noEntities(text)
if text:match("&[^;]+;") then
return require("Module:utilities").get_entities(text)
else
return text
end
end
-- Check if the raw text is an unsupported title, and if so return that. Otherwise, remove HTML entities. We do the pre-conversion to avoid loading the unsupported title list unnecessarily.
local function checkNoEntities(text)
local textNoEnc = noEntities(text)
if textNoEnc ~= text and conditionalRequire("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles[text] then
return text
else
return textNoEnc
end
end
-- If no script object is provided (or if it's invalid or None), get one.
local function checkScript(text, self, sc)
if not checkObject("script", true, sc) or sc:getCode() == "None" then
return self:findBestScript(text)
else
return sc
end
end
local function normalize(text, sc)
text = sc:fixDiscouragedSequences(text)
return sc:toFixedNFD(text)
end
-- Split the text into sections, based on the presence of temporarily substituted formatting characters, then iterate over each one to apply substitutions. This avoids putting PUA characters through language-specific modules, which may be unequipped for them.
local function iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, self, sc, substitution_data, function_name)
local pe = require("Module:utilities").pattern_escape
local fail, cats, sections = nil, {}
-- See [[Module:languages/data]].
if not text:match("\244") or conditionalRequire("Module:languages/data").contiguous_substitution[self:getCode()] then
sections = {text}
else
sections = mw.text.split(text, "[􀀀-􏿽]")
end
for i, section in ipairs(sections) do
-- Don't bother processing empty strings or whitespace (which may also not be handled well by dedicated modules).
if section:gsub("%s", "") ~= "" then
local sub, sub_fail, sub_cats = require("Module:languages/doSubstitutions")(section, self, sc, substitution_data, function_name)
-- Second round of temporary substitutions, in case any formatting was added by the main substitution process. However, don't do this if the section contains formatting already (as it would have had to have been escaped to reach this stage, and therefore should be given as raw text).
if sub and subbedChars then
local noSub
for _, pattern in ipairs(require("Module:languages/data/patterns")) do
if section:match(pattern .. "%z?") then
noSub = true
end
end
if not noSub then
sub, subbedChars = doTempSubstitutions(sub, subbedChars, keepCarets, true)
end
end
if (not sub) or sub_fail then
text = sub
fail = sub_fail
cats = sub_cats or {}
break
end
text = sub and text:gsub(pe(section), pe(sub), 1) or text
if type(sub_cats) == "table" then
for _, cat in ipairs(sub_cats) do
table.insert(cats, cat)
end
end
end
end
end
end
text = mw.ustring.toNFD(text)
-- Trim, unless there are only spacing characters, while ignoring any final formatting characters.
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,
text = text and text
'[' .. replacements.remove_diacritics .. ']',
:gsub("^([\128-\191\244]*)%s+(%S)", "%1%2")
'')
:gsub("(%S)%s+([\128-\191\244]*)$", "%1%2")
text = mw.ustring.toNFC(text)
if replacements.remove_exceptions then -- converts the exceptions back
-- Remove duplicate categories.
for _,exception in ipairs(replacements.remove_exceptions) do
if #cats > 1 then
local substitute = {mw.ustring.codepoint(exception,1,mw.ustring.len(exception))}
cats = require("Module:table").removeDuplicates(cats)
for _,codepoint in ipairs(substitute) do codepoint = codepoint+0xF000 end
end
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, table.concat(substitute), exception)
return text, fail, cats, subbedChars
end
-- Process carets (and any escapes). Default to simple removal, if no pattern/replacement is given.
local function processCarets(text, pattern, repl)
local rep
repeat
text, rep = text:gsub("\\\\(\\*^)", "\3%1")
until rep == 0
return text
:gsub("\\^", "\4")
:gsub(pattern or "%^", repl or "")
:gsub("\3", "\\")
:gsub("\4", "^")
end
-- Remove carets if they are used to capitalize parts of transliterations (unless they have been escaped).
local function removeCarets(text, sc)
if not sc:hasCapitalization() and sc:isTransliterated() and text:match("%^") then
return processCarets(text)
else
return text
end
end
local Language = {}
--[==[Returns the language code of the language. Example: {{code|lua|"fr"}} for French.]==]
function Language:getCode()
return self._code
end
--[==[Returns the canonical name of the language. This is the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary, and is guaranteed to be unique to that language alone. Example: {{code|lua|"French"}} for French.]==]
function Language:getCanonicalName()
return self._rawData[1]
end
--[==[Returns the display form of the language. The display form of a language, family or script is the form it takes when appearing as the ''SOURCE'' in categories such as <code>English terms derived from ''SOURCE''</code> or <code>English given names from ''SOURCE''</code>, and is also the displayed text in <code>:makeCategoryLink</code> links. For regular and etymology languages, this is the same as the canonical name, but for families, it reads "NAME languages" (e.g. {{code|lua|"Indo-Iranian languages"}}), and for scripts, it reads "NAME script" (e.g. {{code|lua|"Arabic script"}}).]==]
function Language:getDisplayForm()
if not self._displayForm then
local form = self:getCanonicalName()
-- Add article and " substrate" if a substrate that lacks them.
if self:getFamilyCode() == "qfa-sub" then
if not (form:find("^[Tt]he ") or form:find("^[Aa] ")) then
form = "a " .. form
end
if not form:find("[Ss]ubstrate") then
form = form .. " substrate"
end
end
end
self._displayForm = form
end
end
return self._displayForm
end
end
--[==[Returns a table of the "other names" that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {{code|lua|{"Manx Gaelic", "Northern Manx", "Southern Manx"} }} for [[:Category:Manx language|Manx]]. If <code>onlyOtherNames</code> is given and is non-{{code|lua|nil}}, only names explicitly listed in the <code>otherNames</code> field are returned; otherwise, names listed under <code>otherNames</code>, <code>aliases</code> and <code>varieties</code> are combined together and returned. For example, for Manx, Manx Gaelic is listed as an alias, while Northern Manx and Southern Manx are listed as varieties. It should be noted that the <code>otherNames</code> field itself is deprecated, and entries listed there should eventually be moved to either <code>aliases</code> or <code>varieties</code>.]==]
return text
function Language:getOtherNames(onlyOtherNames)
end
if #self._stack == 1 then

self:loadInExtraData()
local Language = {}

function Language:getCode()
return self._code
end


function Language:getCanonicalName()
return self._rawData[1] or self._rawData.canonicalName
end


function Language:getDisplayForm()
return self:getCanonicalName()
end


function Language:getOtherNames(onlyOtherNames)
self:loadInExtraData()
return require("Module:language-like").getOtherNames(self, onlyOtherNames)
end


function Language:getAliases()
self:loadInExtraData()
return self._extraData.aliases or {}
end


function Language:getVarieties(flatten)
self:loadInExtraData()
return require("Module:language-like").getVarieties(self, flatten)
end


function Language:getType()
return self._rawData.type or "regular"
end


function Language:getWikimediaLanguages()
if not self._wikimediaLanguageObjects then
local m_wikimedia_languages = require("Module:wikimedia languages")
self._wikimediaLanguageObjects = {}
local wikimedia_codes = self._rawData.wikimedia_codes or { self._code }
for _, wlangcode in ipairs(wikimedia_codes) do
table.insert(self._wikimediaLanguageObjects, m_wikimedia_languages.getByCode(wlangcode))
end
end
return require("Module:language-like").getOtherNames(self, onlyOtherNames)
end
end
--[==[Returns a table of the aliases that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. Aliases are synonyms for the language in question. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {{code|lua|{"High German", "New High German", "Deutsch"} }} for [[:Category:German language|German]].]==]
return self._wikimediaLanguageObjects
function Language:getAliases()
end
if #self._stack == 1 then

self:loadInExtraData()
function Language:getWikipediaArticle()
end
if self._rawData.wikipedia_article then
return self._rawData.wikipedia_article
return self._rawData.aliases or (self._extraData and self._extraData.aliases) or {}
end
elseif self._wikipedia_article then
--[==[Returns a table of the known subvarieties of a given language, excluding subvarieties that have been given explicit etymology language codes. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes a given name refers to a subvariety of more than one language. Example: {{code|lua|{"Southern Aymara", "Central Aymara"} }} for [[:Category:Aymara language|Aymara]]. Note that the returned value can have nested tables in it, when a subvariety goes by more than one name. Example: {{code|lua|{"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", {"Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar"}, {"Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay"}, "Sonqor"} }} for [[:Category:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]. Here, for example, Afshar, Afshari, Afshar Azerbaijani and Afchar all refer to the same subvariety, whose preferred name is Afshar (the one listed first). To avoid a return value with nested tables in it, specify a non-{{code|lua|nil}} value for the <code>flatten</code> parameter; in that case, the return value would be {{code|lua|{"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", "Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar", "Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay", "Sonqor"} }}.]==]
function Language:getVarieties(flatten)
if #self._stack == 1 then
self:loadInExtraData()
end
return require("Module:language-like").getVarieties(self, flatten)
end
--[==[Given a list of types as strings, returns true if the language has all of them. Possible types are explained in [[Module:languages/data/2]] and [[Module:etymology languages/data]].]==]
function Language:hasType(...)
if not self._type then
self._type = {language = true}
if self:getNonEtymologicalCode() == self:getCode() then
self._type.full = true
else
self._type["etymology-only"] = true
end
for _, type in ipairs(mw.text.split(self._rawData.type, "%s*,%s*")) do
self._type[type] = true
end
end
for _, type in ipairs{...} do
if not self._type[type] then
return false
end
end
return true
end
--[==[Returns a table containing <code>WikimediaLanguage</code> objects (see [[Module:wikimedia languages]]), which represent languages and their codes as they are used in Wikimedia projects for interwiki linking and such. More than one object may be returned, as a single Wiktionary language may correspond to multiple Wikimedia languages. For example, Wiktionary's single code <code>sh</code> (Serbo-Croatian) maps to four Wikimedia codes: <code>sh</code> (Serbo-Croatian), <code>bs</code> (Bosnian), <code>hr</code> (Croatian) and <code>sr</code> (Serbian).
The code for the Wikimedia language is retrieved from the <code>wikimedia_codes</code> property in the data modules. If that property is not present, the code of the current language is used. If none of the available codes is actually a valid Wikimedia code, an empty table is returned.]==]
function Language:getWikimediaLanguages()
if not self._wikimediaLanguageObjects then
local m_wikimedia_languages = require("Module:wikimedia languages")
self._wikimediaLanguageObjects = {}
local wikimedia_codes = self:getWikimediaLanguageCodes()
for _, wlangcode in ipairs(wikimedia_codes) do
table.insert(self._wikimediaLanguageObjects, m_wikimedia_languages.getByCode(wlangcode))
end
end
return self._wikimediaLanguageObjects
end
function Language:getWikimediaLanguageCodes()
if not self._wikimediaLanguageCodes then
self._wikimediaLanguageCodes = self._rawData.wikimedia_codes or {self:getCode()}
end
return self._wikimediaLanguageCodes
end
--[==[Returns the name of the Wikipedia article for the language. If the property <code>wikipedia_article</code> is present in the data module it will be used first, otherwise a sitelink will be generated from <code>:getWikidataItem</code> (if set). Otherwise <code>:getCategoryName</code> is used as fallback.]==]
function Language:getWikipediaArticle()
if not self._wikipedia_article then
if self._rawData.wikipedia_article then
self._wikipedia_article = self._rawData.wikipedia_article
elseif self:getWikidataItem() and mw.wikibase then
self._wikipedia_article = mw.wikibase.sitelink(self:getWikidataItem(), 'enwiki')
end
if not self._wikipedia_article then
self._wikipedia_article = self:getCategoryName():gsub("Creole language", "Creole")
end
end
return self._wikipedia_article
return self._wikipedia_article
elseif self:getWikidataItem() and mw.wikibase then
self._wikipedia_article = mw.wikibase.sitelink(self:getWikidataItem(), 'enwiki')
end
end
if not self._wikipedia_article then
function Language:makeWikipediaLink()
self._wikipedia_article = mw.ustring.gsub(self:getCategoryName(), "Creole language", "Creole")
return "[[w:" .. self:getWikipediaArticle() .. "|" .. self:getCanonicalName() .. "]]"
end
end
return self._wikipedia_article
end

function Language:makeWikipediaLink()
return "[[w:" .. self:getWikipediaArticle() .. "|" .. self:getCanonicalName() .. "]]"
end

function Language:getWikidataItem()
local item = self._rawData[2]
--[==[Returns the Wikidata item id for the language or <code>nil</code>. This corresponds to the the second field in the data modules.]==]
if type(item) == "number" then
function Language:getWikidataItem()
return "Q" .. item
if not self._WikidataItem then
else
return item
local item = self._rawData[2]
if type(item) == "number" then
self._WikidataItem = "Q" .. item
else
self._WikidataItem = item
end
end
return self._WikidataItem
end
end
end
--[==[Returns a table of <code>Script</code> objects for all scripts that the language is written in. See [[Module:scripts]].]==]

function Language:getScripts()
function Language:getScripts()
if not self._scriptObjects then
if not self._scriptObjects then
self._scriptObjects = {}
local m_scripts = require("Module:scripts")
self._scriptObjects = {}
if self:getScriptCodes()[1] == "All" then
self._scriptObjects = conditionalRequire("Module:scripts/data")
else
for _, sc in ipairs(self:getScriptCodes()) do
for _, sc in ipairs(self:getScriptCodes()) do
table.insert(self._scriptObjects, m_scripts.getByCode(sc))
table.insert(self._scriptObjects, require("Module:scripts").getByCode(sc, nil, nil, useRequire))
end
end
end
end
return self._scriptObjects
end
end
--[==[Returns the table of script codes in the language's data file.]==]
return self._scriptObjects
function Language:getScriptCodes()
end
if not self._scriptCodes then

self._scriptCodes = self._rawData[4] or {"None"}
function Language:getScriptCodes()
end
return self._rawData.scripts or self._rawData[4] or { "None" }
return self._scriptCodes
end

function Language:getFamily()
if self._familyObject then
return self._familyObject
end
end
--[==[Given some text, this function iterates through the scripts of a given language and tries to find the script that best matches the text. It returns a {{code|lua|Script}} object representing the script. If no match is found at all, it returns the {{code|lua|None}} script object.]==]
function Language:findBestScript(text, forceDetect)
if (not text) or text == "" or text == "-" then
return require("Module:scripts").getByCode("None", nil, nil, useRequire)
end
if table.concat(self:getScriptCodes()) == "All" then
local family = self._rawData[3] or self._rawData.family
return require("Module:scripts").findBestScriptWithoutLang(text)
if family then
end
self._familyObject = require("Module:families").getByCode(family)
local scripts = self:getScripts()
if not scripts[2] and not forceDetect then
-- Necessary, because Hani covers the entire Han range (while the Hant & Hans lists don't list shared characters).
if scripts[1]:getCode():match("^Han") and require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Hani", nil, nil, useRequire):countCharacters(text) > 0 then
return scripts[1]
elseif scripts[1]:countCharacters(text) > 0 then
return scripts[1]
else
return require("Module:scripts").getByCode("None", nil, nil, useRequire)
end
end
return require("Module:languages/findBestScript")(export, self, text, scripts, forceDetect, useRequire)
end
end
--[==[Returns a <code>Family</code> object for the language family that the language belongs to. See [[Module:families]].]==]
return self._familyObject
function Language:getFamily()
end
if self._familyObject == nil then

local familyCode = self:getFamilyCode()

if familyCode then
function Language:getAncestors()
self._familyObject = require("Module:families").getByCode(familyCode, useRequire)
if not self._ancestorObjects then
-- Still memoize a nil result.
self._ancestorObjects = {}
else
if self._rawData.ancestors then
self._familyObject = false
for _, ancestor in ipairs(self._rawData.ancestors) do
table.insert(self._ancestorObjects, export.getByCode(ancestor) or require("Module:etymology languages").getByCode(ancestor))
end
end
else
end
return self._familyObject or nil
local fam = self:getFamily()
end
local protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
-- For the case where the current language is the proto-language
--[==[Returns the family code in the language's data file.]==]
function Language:getFamilyCode()
-- of its family, we need to step up a level higher right from the start.
if protoLang and protoLang:getCode() == self:getCode() then
if not self._familyCode then
self._familyCode = self._rawData[3]
fam = fam:getFamily()
end
protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
return self._familyCode
end
function Language:getFamilyName()
if self._familyName == nil then
local family = self:getFamily()
if family then
self._familyName = family:getCanonicalName()
else
self._familyName = false
end
end
end
return self._familyName or nil
while not protoLang and not (not fam or fam:getCode() == "qfa-not") do
end
fam = fam:getFamily()
protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
--[==[Check whether the language belongs to `family` (which can be a family code or object). A list of objects can be given in place of `family`; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families. Note that some languages (in particular, certain creoles) can have multiple immediate ancestors potentially belonging to different families; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families.]==]
function Language:inFamily(...)
--checkObject("family", nil, ...)
for _, family in ipairs{...} do
if type(family) == "table" then
family = family:getCode()
end
if not self:getFamilyCode() then
return false
elseif self:getFamilyCode() == family or self:getFamily():inFamily(family) then
return true
else
local ancestors = self:getAncestors()
for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
if ancestor:inFamily(family) then
return true
end
end
end
end
table.insert(self._ancestorObjects, protoLang)
end
end
return false
end
end
function Language:getParent()
return self._ancestorObjects
if self._parentObject == nil then
end
local parentCode = self:getParentCode()

if parentCode then
local function iterateOverAncestorTree(node, func)
self._parentObject = export.getByCode(parentCode, nil, true, true, useRequire)
for _, ancestor in ipairs(node:getAncestors()) do
else
if ancestor then
self._parentObject = false
local ret = func(ancestor) or iterateOverAncestorTree(ancestor, func)
if ret then
return ret
end
end
end
end
return self._parentObject or nil
end
end
end
function Language:getParentCode()

if not self._parentCode then
function Language:getAncestorChain()
self._parentCode = self._rawData[5]
if not self._ancestorChain then
end
self._ancestorChain = {}
return self._parentCode
local step = #self:getAncestors() == 1 and self:getAncestors()[1] or nil
end
function Language:getParentName()
if self._parentName == nil then
local parent = self:getParent()
if parent then
self._parentName = parent:getCanonicalName()
else
self._parentName = false
end
end
return self._parentName or nil
end
function Language:getParentChain()
if not self._parentChain then
self._parentChain = {}
local parent = self:getParent()
while parent do
table.insert(self._parentChain, parent)
parent = parent:getParent()
end
end
return self._parentChain
end
function Language:hasParent(...)
--checkObject("language", nil, ...)
for _, otherlang in ipairs{...} do
for _, parent in ipairs(self:getParentChain()) do
if type(otherlang) == "string" then
if otherlang == parent:getCode() then return true end
else
if otherlang:getCode() == parent:getCode() then return true end
end
end
end
return false
end
--[==[If the language is an etymology language, this iterates through parents until a regular language or family is found, and the corresponding object is returned. If the language is a regular language, then it simply returns the language.]==]
function Language:getNonEtymological()
if not self._nonEtymologicalObject then
local nonEtymologicalCode = self:getNonEtymologicalCode()
if nonEtymologicalCode ~= self:getCode() then
self._nonEtymologicalObject = export.getByCode(nonEtymologicalCode, nil, nil, nil, useRequire)
else
self._nonEtymologicalObject = self
end
end
return self._nonEtymologicalObject
end
function Language:getNonEtymologicalCode()
return self._nonEtymologicalCode or self:getCode()
end
function Language:getNonEtymologicalName()
if self._nonEtymologicalName == nil then
local nonEtymological = self:getNonEtymological()
if nonEtymological then
self._nonEtymologicalName = nonEtymological:getCanonicalName()
else
self._nonEtymologicalName = false
end
end
return self._nonEtymologicalName or nil
end
--[==[Returns a table of <code class="nf">Language</code> objects for all languages that this language is directly descended from. Generally this is only a single language, but creoles, pidgins and mixed languages can have multiple ancestors.]==]
function Language:getAncestors()
if not self._ancestorObjects then
self._ancestorObjects = {}
local ancestors = require("Module:table").shallowcopy(self:getAncestorCodes())
if #ancestors > 0 then
for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
table.insert(self._ancestorObjects, export.getByCode(ancestor, nil, true, nil, useRequire))
end
else
local fam = self:getFamily()
local protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
-- For the cases where the current language is the proto-language
-- of its family, or an etymology language that is ancestral to that
-- proto-language, we need to step up a level higher right from the
-- start.
if protoLang and (
protoLang:getCode() == self:getCode() or
(self:hasType("etymology-only") and protoLang:hasAncestor(self))
) then
fam = fam:getFamily()
protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
end
while not protoLang and not (not fam or fam:getCode() == "qfa-not") do
fam = fam:getFamily()
protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
end
table.insert(self._ancestorObjects, protoLang)
end
end
return self._ancestorObjects
end
function Language:getAncestorCodes()
if not self._ancestorCodes then
local function get_codes(lang)
return lang._rawData.ancestors or {}
end
local codes = get_codes(self)
-- Avoid a language being its own ancestor via class inheritance. We only need to check for this if the language has inherited an ancestor table from its parent, because we never want to drop ancestors that have been explicitly set in the data.
-- Recursively iterate over ancestors until we find a loop/run out. If a loop is found that involves the language, drop that ancestor.
if #codes > 0 and #self._stack > 1 and not self._stack[#self._stack].ancestors then
local function check_ancestor(i, code, seen)
if seen[code] then
if code == self:getCode() then
table.remove(codes, i)
end
else
seen[code] = true
local ancestor = export.getByCode(code, nil, true, nil, useRequire)
for _, ancestorCode in ipairs(get_codes(ancestor)) do
check_ancestor(i, ancestorCode, seen)
end
end
end
for i, ancestorCode in ipairs(codes) do
local seen = {[self:getCode()] = true}
check_ancestor(i, ancestorCode, seen)
end
end
self._ancestorCodes = codes
end
return self._ancestorCodes
end
--[==[Given a list of language objects or codes, returns true if at least one of them is an ancestor. This includes any etymology-only children of that ancestor. If the language's ancestor(s) are etymology-only languages, it will also return true for those language parent(s) (e.g. if Vulgar Latin is the ancestor, it will also return true for its parent, Latin). However, a parent is excluded from this if the ancestor is also ancestral to that parent (e.g. if Classical Persian is the ancestor, Persian would return false, because Classical Persian is also ancestral to Persian).]==]
function Language:hasAncestor(...)
--checkObject("language", nil, ...)
local function iterateOverAncestorTree(node, func, parent_check)
while step do
local ancestors = node:getAncestors()
table.insert(self._ancestorChain, 1, step)
local ancestorsParents = {}
step = #step:getAncestors() == 1 and step:getAncestors()[1] or nil
for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
local ret = func(ancestor) or iterateOverAncestorTree(ancestor, func, parent_check)
if ret then return ret end
end
-- Check the parents of any ancestors. We don't do this if checking the parents of the other language, so that we exclude any etymology-only children of those parents that are not directly related (e.g. if the ancestor is Vulgar Latin and we are checking New Latin, we want it to return false because they are on different ancestral branches. As such, if we're already checking the parent of New Latin (Latin) we don't want to compare it to the parent of the ancestor (Latin), as this would be a false positive; it should be one or the other).
if not parent_check then
return nil
end
for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
local ancestorParents = ancestor:getParentChain()
for _, ancestorParent in ipairs(ancestorParents) do
if ancestorParent:getCode() == self:getCode() or ancestorParent:hasAncestor(ancestor) then
break
else
table.insert(ancestorsParents, ancestorParent)
end
end
end
for _, ancestorParent in ipairs(ancestorsParents) do
local ret = func(ancestorParent)
if ret then return ret end
end
end
end
local parent_check = true
for _, otherlang in ipairs{...} do
repeat
if iterateOverAncestorTree(
self,
function(ancestor)
if type(otherlang) == "string" then
return ancestor:getCode() == otherlang
else
return ancestor:getCode() == otherlang:getCode()
end
end,
parent_check
) then
return true
elseif type(otherlang) == "string" then
otherlang = export.getByCode(otherlang, nil, true, nil, useRequire)
end
otherlang = otherlang:getParent()
parent_check = false
until not otherlang
end
return false
end
end
function Language:getAncestorChain()
return self._ancestorChain
if not self._ancestorChain then
end
self._ancestorChain = {}

local step = self

while true do
function Language:hasAncestor(otherlang)
local ancestors = step:getAncestors()
local function compare(ancestor)
step = #ancestors == 1 and ancestors[1] or nil
return ancestor:getCode() == otherlang:getCode()
if not step then break end
table.insert(self._ancestorChain, 1, step)
end
end
return self._ancestorChain
end
end
local function fetch_descendants(self, format)
return iterateOverAncestorTree(self, compare) or false
local languages = require("Module:languages/code to canonical name")
end
local etymology_languages = require("Module:etymology languages/code to canonical name")

local families = require("Module:families/code to canonical name")

local descendants = {}
function Language:getCategoryName(nocap)
local name = self:getCanonicalName()
local family = self:getFamily()
-- Iterate over all three datasets.
for _, data in ipairs{languages, etymology_languages, families} do
for code in pairs(data) do
local lang = export.getByCode(code, nil, true, true, useRequire)
-- Test for a descendant. Earlier tests weed out most candidates, while the more intensive tests are only used sparingly.
if (
( -- Not an alias code.
(not lang._rawData.main_code) or
lang._rawData.main_code == code
) and
code ~= self:getCode() and -- Not self.
lang:inFamily(family) and -- In the same family.
(
family:getProtoLanguageCode() == self:getCode() or -- Self is the protolanguage.
self:hasDescendant(lang) or -- Full hasDescendant check.
(lang:getNonEtymologicalCode() == self:getCode() and not self:hasAncestor(lang)) -- Etymology-only child which isn't an ancestor.
)
) then
if format == "object" then
table.insert(descendants, lang)
elseif format == "code" then
table.insert(descendants, code)
elseif format == "name" then
table.insert(descendants, lang:getCanonicalName())
end
end
end
end
return descendants
end
function Language:getDescendants()
-- If the name already has "language" in it, don't add it.
if not name:find("[Ll]anguage$") then
if not self._descendantObjects then
self._descendantObjects = fetch_descendants(self, "object")
name = "ၽႃႇသႃႇ" .. name
end
return self._descendantObjects
end
end
if not nocap then
function Language:getDescendantCodes()
name = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(name)
if not self._descendantCodes then
self._descendantCodes = fetch_descendants(self, "code")
end
return self._descendantCodes
end
end
return name
end


function Language:makeCategoryLink()
return "[[:Category:" .. self:getCategoryName() .. "|" .. self:getDisplayForm() .. "]]"
end


function Language:getStandardCharacters()
return self._rawData.standardChars
end


function Language:makeEntryName(text, sc)
text = mw.ustring.match(text, "^[¿¡]?(.-[^%s%p].-)%s*[؟?!;՛՜ ՞ ՟？！︖︕।॥။၊་།]?$") or text
function Language:getDescendantNames()
local entry_name_data = self._rawData.entry_name
if not self._descendantNames then
if type(entry_name_data) == "table" then
self._descendantNames = fetch_descendants(self, "name")
text = do_entry_name_or_sort_key_replacements(text, entry_name_data)
end
elseif type(entry_name_data) == "string" then
return self._descendantNames
text = require("Module:" .. entry_name_data).makeEntryName(text, self:getCode(), sc and sc:getCode())
end
end
function Language:hasDescendant(...)
return text
for _, lang in ipairs{...} do
end
if type(lang) == "string" then

lang = export.getByCode(lang, nil, true, nil, useRequire)

end
-- Return true if the language has display processing enabled, i.e. lang:makeDisplayText()
if lang:hasAncestor(self) then
-- does non-trivial processing.
return true
function Language:hasDisplayProcessing()
end
return not not self._rawData.display
end
end
return false


-- Apply display-text replacements to `text`, if any.
function Language:makeDisplayText(text)
if type(self._rawData.display) == "table" then
text = do_entry_name_or_sort_key_replacements(text, self._rawData.display)
end
end
--[==[Returns the name of the main category of that language. Example: {{code|lua|"French language"}} for French, whose category is at [[:Category:French language]]. Unless optional argument <code>nocap</code> is given, the language name at the beginning of the returned value will be capitalized. This capitalization is correct for category names, but not if the language name is lowercase and the returned value of this function is used in the middle of a sentence.]==]
return text
function Language:getCategoryName(nocap)
end
if not self._categoryName then

local name = self:getCanonicalName()
function Language:makeSortKey(name, sc)
-- Only add " language" if a regular language.
-- Remove initial hyphens and *
if #self._stack == 1 then
local hyphens_regex = "^[-־ـ*]+(.)"
-- If the name already has "language" in it, don't add it.
name = mw.ustring.gsub(name, hyphens_regex, "%1")
if not name:match("[Ll]anguage$") then
name = name .. " language"
end
end
self._categoryName = name
end
if nocap then
return self._categoryName
else
return mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(self._categoryName)
end
end
--[==[Creates a link to the category; the link text is the canonical name.]==]
-- If there is a language-specific sortkey module, use that
function Language:makeCategoryLink()
if type(self._rawData.sort_key) == "string" then
return "[[:Category:" .. self:getCategoryName() .. "|" .. self:getDisplayForm() .. "]]"
name = require("Module:" .. self._rawData.sort_key).makeSortKey(name, self:getCode(), sc and sc:getCode())
end
else
if self.dotted_dotless_i then
function Language:getStandardCharacters(sc)
name = name:gsub("I", "ı")
if type(self._rawData.standardChars) ~= "table" then
return self._rawData.standardChars
else
if sc and type(sc) ~= "string" then
checkObject("script", nil, sc)
sc = sc:getCode()
end
if (not sc) or sc == "None" then
local scripts = {}
for _, script in pairs(self._rawData.standardChars) do
table.insert(scripts, script)
end
return table.concat(scripts)
end
if self._rawData.standardChars[sc] then
return self._rawData.standardChars[sc] .. (self._rawData.standardChars[1] or "")
end
end
end
--[==[Make the entry name (i.e. the correct page name).]==]
function Language:makeEntryName(text, sc)
if (not text) or text == "" then
return text, nil, {}
end
end
-- Set `unsupported` as true if certain conditions are met.
name = mw.ustring.lower(name)
local unsupported
-- If there's an underscore.
if text:find("_") then
track("underscore")
unsupported = true
-- If it looks like an interwiki link.
elseif text:find(":") and text ~= ":" then
local m_utildata = conditionalRequire("Module:utilities/data")
local prefix = text:gsub("^:*(.-):.*", mw.ustring.lower)
if m_utildata.interwikis[prefix] or m_utildata.namespaces[prefix] then
unsupported = true
end
end
-- Check if the text is a listed unsupported title.
-- If there are language-specific rules to generate the key, use those
local unsupportedTitles = conditionalRequire("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles
if type(self._rawData.sort_key) == "table" then
if unsupportedTitles[text] then
name = do_entry_name_or_sort_key_replacements(name, self._rawData.sort_key)
return "Unsupported titles/" .. unsupportedTitles[text], nil, {}
end
end
sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
if self.dotted_dotless_i then
name = name:gsub("i", "İ")
local fail, cats
text = normalize(text, sc)
text, fail, cats = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, nil, nil, self, sc, self._rawData.entry_name, "makeEntryName")
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "^[¿¡]?([^%s%p]+)%s*[؟?!;՛՜ ՞ ՟？！︖︕।॥။၊་།]?$", "%1") or text
text = unsupported and "Unsupported titles/" .. text or text
return text, fail, cats
end
--[==[Generates alternative forms using a specified method, and returns them as a table. If no method is specified, returns a table containing only the input term.]==]
function Language:generateForms(text, sc)
if self._rawData.generate_forms then
sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
return require("Module:" .. self._rawData.generate_forms).generateForms(text, self:getCode(), sc:getCode())
else
return {text}
end
end
--[==[Creates a sort key for the given entry name, following the rules appropriate for the language. This removes diacritical marks from the entry name if they are not considered significant for sorting, and may perform some other changes. Any initial hyphen is also removed, and anything parentheses is removed as well.
The <code>sort_key</code> setting for each language in the data modules defines the replacements made by this function, or it gives the name of the module that takes the entry name and returns a sortkey.]==]
function Language:makeSortKey(text, sc)
if (not text) or text == "" then
return text, nil, {}
end
if text:find("<[^<>]+>") then
track("track HTML tag")
end
end
-- Remove soft hyphens, strip markers and HTML tags.
text = text:gsub("­", "")
text = mw.text.unstrip(text)
:gsub("<[^<>]+>", "")
name = mw.ustring.upper(name)
text = mw.uri.decode(text, "PATH")
text = checkNoEntities(text)
-- Remove initial hyphens and * unless the term only consists of spacing + punctuation characters.
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "^([􀀀-􏿽]*)[-־ـ᠊*]+([􀀀-􏿽]*)(.*[^%s%p].*)", "%1%2%3")
sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
text = normalize(text, sc)
text = removeCarets(text, sc)
-- For languages with dotted dotless i, ensure that "İ" is sorted as "i", and "I" is sorted as "ı".
if self._rawData.dotted_dotless_i then
text = text
:gsub(mw.ustring.toNFD("İ"), "i")
:gsub("I", "ı")
text = sc:toFixedNFD(text)
end
-- Convert to lowercase, make the sortkey, then convert to uppercase. Where the language has dotted dotless i, it is usually not necessary to convert "i" to "İ" and "ı" to "I" first, because "I" will always be interpreted as conventional "I" (not dotless "İ") by any sorting algorithms, which will have been taken into account by the sortkey substitutions themselves. However, if no sortkey substitutions have been specified, then conversion is necessary so as to prevent "i" and "ı" both being sorted as "I".
-- An exception is made for scripts that (sometimes) sort by scraping page content, as that means they are sensitive to changes in capitalization (as it changes the target page).
local fail, cats
if not sc:sortByScraping() then
text = mw.ustring.lower(text)
end
text, fail, cats = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, nil, nil, self, sc, self._rawData.sort_key, "makeSortKey")
if not sc:sortByScraping() then
if self._rawData.dotted_dotless_i and not self._rawData.sort_key then
text = text
:gsub("ı", "I")
:gsub("i", "İ")
text = sc:toFixedNFC(text)
end
text = mw.ustring.upper(text)
end
-- Remove parentheses, as long as they are either preceded or followed by something.
text = text
:gsub("(.)[()]+", "%1")
:gsub("[()]+(.)", "%1")
text = require("Module:string utilities").escape_risky_characters(text)
return text, fail, cats
end
end
--[==[Create the form used as as a basis for display text and transliteration.]==]
-- Remove parentheses, as long as they are either preceded or followed by something
local function processDisplayText(text, self, sc, keepCarets, keepPrefixes)
name = mw.ustring.gsub(name, "(.)[()]+", "%1")
local subbedChars = {}
name = mw.ustring.gsub(name, "[()]+(.)", "%1")
text, subbedChars = doTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets)
text = mw.uri.decode(text, "PATH")
text = checkNoEntities(text)
sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
local fail, cats
text = normalize(text, sc)
text, fail, cats, subbedChars = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, self, sc, self._rawData.display_text, "makeDisplayText")
text = removeCarets(text, sc)
-- Remove any interwiki link prefixes (unless they have been escaped or this has been disabled).
if text:match(":") and not keepPrefixes then
local m_utildata, rep = conditionalRequire("Module:utilities/data")
repeat
text, rep = text:gsub("\\\\(\\*:)", "\3%1")
until rep == 0
text = text
:gsub("\\:", "\4")
while true do
local prefix = text:gsub("^(.-):.+", function(m1)
return m1:gsub("\244[\128-\191]*", "")
end)
if not prefix or prefix == text then
break
end
local lower_prefix = mw.ustring.lower(prefix)
if not (m_utildata.interwikis[lower_prefix] or prefix == "") then
break
end
text = text:gsub("^(.-):(.*)", function(m1, m2)
local ret = {}
for subbedChar in m1:gmatch("\244[\128-\191]*") do
table.insert(ret, subbedChar)
end
return table.concat(ret) .. m2
end)
end
text = text
:gsub("\3", "\\")
:gsub("\4", ":")
end
return text, fail, cats, subbedChars
end
--[==[Make the display text (i.e. what is displayed on the page).]==]
return name
function Language:makeDisplayText(text, sc, keepPrefixes)
end
if (not text) or text == "" then

return text, nil, {}
function Language:overrideManualTranslit()
end
if self._rawData.override_translit then
return true
local fail, cats, subbedChars
else
text, fail, cats, subbedChars = processDisplayText(text, self, sc, nil, keepPrefixes)
return false
text = require("Module:string utilities").escape_risky_characters(text)
return undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars), fail, cats
end
end
end
--[==[Transliterates the text from the given script into the Latin script (see [[Wiktionary:Transliteration and romanization]]). The language must have the <code>translit_module</code> property for this to work; if it is not present, {{code|lua|nil}} is returned.

The <code>sc</code> parameter is handled by the transliteration module, and how it is handled is specific to that module. Some transliteration modules may tolerate {{code|lua|nil}} as the script, others require it to be one of the possible scripts that the module can transliterate, and will show an error if it's not one of them. For this reason, the <code>sc</code> parameter should always be provided when writing non-language-specific code.

The <code>module_override</code> parameter is used to override the default module that is used to provide the transliteration. This is useful in cases where you need to demonstrate a particular module in use, but there is no default module yet, or you want to demonstrate an alternative version of a transliteration module before making it official. It should not be used in real modules or templates, only for testing. All uses of this parameter are tracked by [[Template:tracking/module_override]].
function Language:transliterate(text, sc, module_override)
'''Known bugs''':
if not ((module_override or self._rawData.translit_module) and text) then
* This function assumes {tr(s1) .. tr(s2) == tr(s1 .. s2)}. When this assertion fails, wikitext markups like <nowiki>'''</nowiki> can cause wrong transliterations.
return nil
* HTML entities like <code>&amp;apos;</code>, often used to escape wikitext markups, do not work.]==]
function Language:transliterate(text, sc, module_override)
-- If there is no text, or the language doesn't have transliteration data and there's no override, return nil.
if not (self._rawData.translit or module_override) then
return nil, true, {}
elseif (not text) or text == "" or text == "-" then
return text, nil, {}
end
-- If the script is not transliteratable (and no override is given), return nil.
sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
if not (sc:isTransliterated() or module_override) then
return nil, true, {}
end
-- Remove any strip markers.
text = mw.text.unstrip(text)
-- Get the display text with the keepCarets flag set.
local fail, cats, subbedChars
text, fail, cats, subbedChars = processDisplayText(text, self, sc, true)
-- Transliterate (using the module override if applicable).
text, fail, cats, subbedChars = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, true, self, sc, module_override or self._rawData.translit, "tr")
-- Incomplete transliterations return nil.
if text then
if sc:countCharacters(text) > 0 then
-- Remove any characters in (extended) Latin, which includes Latin characters also included in other scripts (as these are false positives). Anything remaining should only be script code "None" (e.g. numerals).
local check_text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "[" .. require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Latinx"):getCharacters() .. "]", "")
if require("Module:scripts").findBestScriptWithoutLang(check_text) ~= "None" then
return nil, true, cats
end
end
else
return nil, true, cats
end
text = require("Module:string utilities").escape_risky_characters(text)
text = undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars)
-- If the script does not use capitalization, then capitalize any letters of the transliteration which are immediately preceded by a caret (and remove the caret).
if text and not sc:hasCapitalization() and text:match("%^") then
text = processCarets(text, "%^([\128-\191\244]*%*?)([^\128-\191\244][\128-\191]*)", function(m1, m2)
return m1 .. mw.ustring.upper(m2)
end)
end
-- Track module overrides.
if module_override ~= nil then
track("module_override")
end
return text, fail, cats
end
end
function Language:overrideManualTranslit()
if module_override then
return not not self._rawData.override_translit
require("Module:debug").track("module_override")
end
end
--[==[Returns {{code|lua|true}} if the language has a transliteration module, {{code|lua|false}} if it doesn't.]==]
return require("Module:" .. (module_override or self._rawData.translit_module)).tr(text, self:getCode(), sc and sc:getCode() or nil)
function Language:hasTranslit()
end
return not not self._rawData.translit

end
function Language:hasTranslit()
return self._rawData.translit_module and true or false
end


function Language:link_tr()
return self._rawData.link_tr and true or false
end


function Language:toJSON()
local entryNamePatterns = nil
local entryNameRemoveDiacritics = nil
function Language:link_tr()
if self._rawData.entry_name then
entryNameRemoveDiacritics = self._rawData.entry_name.remove_diacritics
return not not self._rawData.link_tr
end
if self._rawData.entry_name.from then
entryNamePatterns = {}
function Language:toJSON(returnTable)
for i, from in ipairs(self._rawData.entry_name.from) do
local entryNamePatterns = nil
local to = self._rawData.entry_name.to[i] or ""
local entryNameRemoveDiacritics = nil
table.insert(entryNamePatterns, { from = from, to = to })
if self._rawData.entry_name then
entryNameRemoveDiacritics = self._rawData.entry_name.remove_diacritics
if self._rawData.entry_name.from then
entryNamePatterns = {}
for i, from in ipairs(self._rawData.entry_name.from) do
table.insert(entryNamePatterns, {from = from, to = self._rawData.entry_name.to[i] or ""})
end
end
end
end
if not self._type then
self:hasType()
end
local types = {}
for type in pairs(self._type) do
table.insert(types, type)
end
local ret = {
ancestors = self:getAncestorCodes(),
canonicalName = self:getCanonicalName(),
categoryName = self:getCategoryName("nocap"),
code = self:getCode(),
entryNamePatterns = entryNamePatterns,
entryNameRemoveDiacritics = entryNameRemoveDiacritics,
family = self:getFamilyCode(),
otherNames = self:getOtherNames(true),
aliases = self:getAliases(),
varieties = self:getVarieties(),
scripts = self:getScriptCodes(),
parent = self._parentCode or nil,
nonEtymological = self._nonEtymologicalCode or nil,
type = types,
wikimediaLanguages = self:getWikimediaLanguageCodes(),
wikidataItem = self:getWikidataItem(),
}
ret = require("Module:table").deepcopy(ret)
if returnTable then
return ret
else
return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(ret)
end
end
end
end
--[==[
local ret = {
<span style="color: #BA0000">This function is not for use in entries or other content pages.</span>
ancestors = self._rawData.ancestors,
Returns a blob of data about the language. The format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes.
canonicalName = self:getCanonicalName(),
-- Do NOT use these methods!
categoryName = self:getCategoryName("nocap"),
-- All uses should be pre-approved on the talk page!
code = self._code,
]==]
entryNamePatterns = entryNamePatterns,
function Language:getRawData()
entryNameRemoveDiacritics = entryNameRemoveDiacritics,
local rawData = {}
family = self._rawData[3] or self._rawData.family,
for _, element in ipairs(self._stack) do
otherNames = self:getOtherNames(true),
for k, v in pairs(element) do
aliases = self:getAliases(),
rawData[k] = v
varieties = self:getVarieties(),
end
scripts = self._rawData.scripts or self._rawData[4],
end
type = self:getType(),
return rawData
wikimediaLanguages = self._rawData.wikimedia_codes,
end
wikidataItem = self:getWikidataItem(),
}
--[==[<span style="color: #BA0000">This function is not for use in entries or other content pages.</span>
return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(ret)
Returns a blob of data about the language that contains the "extra data". Much like with getRawData, the format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes.]==]
end
function Language:getRawExtraData()

if #self._stack == 1 then
self:loadInExtraData()
end
return self._extraData
end
local function getRawExtraLanguageData(code)
local modulename = export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)
return modulename and conditionalRequire("Module:" .. modulename)[code] or nil
end


function Language:loadInExtraData()
-- Do NOT use these methods!
if not self._extraData then
-- All uses should be pre-approved on the talk page!
-- load extra data from module and assign to _extraData field
function Language:getRawData()
-- use empty table as a fallback if extra data is nil
return self._rawData
self._extraData = getRawExtraLanguageData(self:getCode()) or {}
end
end
return Language
end
end


local function make_stack(code, data, parent, useRequire)
function Language:getRawExtraData()
parent.__index = parent
self:loadInExtraData()
return self._extraData
local lang = {_code = code}
-- Full language.
if not parent._stack then
-- Create stack, accessed with rawData metamethod.
lang._stack = parent._rawData and {parent._rawData, data} or {data}
lang._rawData = setmetatable({}, {
__index = function(t, k)
-- Data that isn't inherited from the parent.
local function no_inherit(lang, t, k)
if (
k == "aliases" or
k == "varieties" or
k == "otherNames"
) then
return lang._stack[#lang._stack][k]
end
end
-- Data that is appended by each generation.
local function append_data(lang, t, k)
if k == "type" then
local parts = {}
for i = 1, #lang._stack do
table.insert(parts, lang._stack[i][k])
end
if type(parts[1]) == "string" then
return table.concat(parts, ", ")
end
end
end
-- Otherwise, iterate down the stack, looking for a match.
local function inherit_data(lang, t, k)
local i = #lang._stack
while not lang._stack[i][k] and i > 1 do
i = i - 1
end
return lang._stack[i][k]
end
local ret = no_inherit(lang, t, k) or
append_data(lang, t, k) or
inherit_data(lang, t, k)
if (
k == 4 or
k == "ancestors" or
k == "wikimedia_codes"
) then
if type(ret) == "table" then
return ret
elseif type(ret) == "string" then
return mw.text.split(ret, "%s*,%s*")
end
else
return ret
end
end,
-- Retain immutability (as writing to rawData will break functionality).
__newindex = function()
error("not allowed to edit rawData")
end
})
-- Non-etymological code is the parent code.
lang._nonEtymologicalCode = parent._code or code
-- Etymology-only.
else
-- Copy over rawData and stack to the new object, and add new layer to stack.
lang._rawData = parent._rawData
lang._stack = parent._stack
table.insert(lang._stack, data)
-- Copy non-etymological code.
lang._nonEtymologicalCode = parent._nonEtymologicalCode
end
return setmetatable(lang, parent)
end
end

Language.__index = Language



function export.getDataModuleName(code)
function export.getDataModuleName(code)
if code:find("^%l%l$") then
if code:match("^%l%l$") then
return "languages/data2"
return "languages/data/2"
elseif code:find("^%l%l%l$") then
elseif code:match("^%l%l%l$") then
local prefix = code:sub(1, 1)
local prefix = code:sub(1, 1)
return "languages/data3/" .. prefix
return "languages/data/3/" .. prefix
elseif code:find("^[%l-]+$") then
elseif code:match("^[%l-]+$") then
return "languages/datax"
return "languages/data/exceptional"
else
else
return nil
return nil
end
end
end
end



function export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)
function export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)
local dataModule = export.getDataModuleName(code)
if code:find("^%l%l$") then
return dataModule and dataModule .. "/extra" or nil
return "languages/extradata2"
elseif code:find("^%l%l%l$") then
local prefix = code:sub(1, 1)
return "languages/extradata3/" .. prefix
elseif code:find("^[%l-]+$") then
return "languages/extradatax"
else
return nil
end
end
end


function export.makeObject(code, data, useRequire)

if not data then
local function getRawLanguageData(code)
return nil
local modulename = export.getDataModuleName(code)
end
return modulename and mw.loadData("Module:" .. modulename)[code] or nil
end
code = data.main_code or code


if data.type:find("family") and not data[5] then
local function getRawExtraLanguageData(code)
return require("Module:families").makeObject(code, data, useRequire)
local modulename = export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)
else
return modulename and mw.loadData("Module:" .. modulename)[code] or nil
local parent
end
if data[5] then

parent = export.getByCode(data[5], nil, true, true, useRequire)

else
function Language:loadInExtraData()
parent = make_language(code, data, useRequire)
if not self._extraData then
end
-- load extra data from module and assign to meta table
return make_stack(code, data, parent, useRequire)
-- use empty table as a fallback if extra data is nil
local meta = getmetatable(self)
meta._extraData = getRawExtraLanguageData(self._code) or {}
setmetatable(self, meta)
end
end
end
end


--[==[Finds the language whose code matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a <code class="nf">Language</code> object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns {{code|lua|nil}}, unless <code class="n">paramForError</code> is given, in which case an error is generated. If <code class="n">paramForError</code> is {{code|lua|true}}, a generic error message mentioning the bad code is generated; otherwise <code class="n">paramForError</code> should be a string or number specifying the parameter that the code came from, and this parameter will be mentioned in the error message along with the bad code. If <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified, etymology language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.]==]

function export.makeObject(code, data)
function export.getByCode(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)
-- If called during a [[Module:preparser]] run, language objects are cached in a global frame so that they can be reused.
if data and data.deprecated then
if global_frame and global_frame.langs and global_frame.langs[code] then
require("Module:debug").track {
return global_frame.langs[code]
"languages/deprecated",
"languages/deprecated/" .. code
}
end
end
return data and setmetatable({ _rawData = data, _code = code }, Language) or nil
end


function export.getByCode(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
if type(code) ~= "string" then
if type(code) ~= "string" then
local typ
error("The function getByCode expects a string as its first argument, but received " .. (code == nil and "nil" or "a " .. type(code)) .. ".")
if not code then
typ = "nil"
elseif checkObject("language", true, code) then
typ = "a language object"
elseif checkObject("family", true, code) then
typ = "a family object"
else
typ = "a " .. type(code)
end
error("The function getByCode expects a string as its first argument, but received " .. typ .. ".")
end
end
local function conditionalRequire(modulename)
local retval = export.makeObject(code, getRawLanguageData(code))
if not retval and allowEtymLang then
if useRequire then
return require(modulename)
retval = require("Module:etymology languages").getByCode(code)
else
end
return mw.loadData(modulename)
if not retval and allowFamily then
end
retval = require("Module:families").getByCode(code)
end
end
local modulename = export.getDataModuleName(code)
local data = modulename and
conditionalRequire("Module:" .. modulename)[code] or
(allowEtymLang and require("Module:etymology languages/track-bad-etym-code")(code) and conditionalRequire("Module:etymology languages/data")[code]) or
(allowFamily and conditionalRequire("Module:families/data")[code]) or
(allowEtymLang and allowFamily and conditionalRequire("Module:families/data/etymology")[code])
local retval = code and data and export.makeObject(code, data, useRequire)
if not retval and paramForError then
if not retval and paramForError then
require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").code(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").code(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
end
end
if global_frame and global_frame.langs then
global_frame.langs[code] = retval
end
return retval
return retval
end
end


--[==[Like {{code|lua|getByCanonicalName()}}, except it also looks at the <code class="n">otherNames</code> listed in the non-etymology language data modules, and does not (currently) have options to look up etymology languages and families.]==]

function export.getByName(name, errorIfInvalid)
function export.getByName(name, errorIfInvalid)
local byName = mw.loadData("Module:languages/by name")
local byName = mw.loadData("Module:languages/by name")
ထႅဝ် 476: ထႅဝ် 1,277:
end
end
return export.makeObject(code, getRawLanguageData(code))
return export.getByCode(code)
end
end


--[==[Finds the language whose canonical name (the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary) or other name matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a <code class="nf">Language</code> object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns {{code|lua|nil}}, unless <code class="n">paramForError</code> is given, in which case an error is generated. If <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified, etymology language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.
function export.getByCanonicalName(name, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
The canonical name of languages should always be unique (it is an error for two languages on Wiktionary to share the same canonical name), so this is guaranteed to give at most one result.
local byName = mw.loadData("Module:languages/canonical names")
This function is powered by [[Module:languages/canonical names]], which contains a pre-generated mapping of non-etymology-language canonical names to codes. It is generated by going through the [[:Category:Language data modules]] for non-etymology languages. When <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified for the above function, [[Module:etymology languages/canonical names]] may also be used, and when <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified for the above function, [[Module:families/canonical names]] may also be used.]==]
function export.getByCanonicalName(name, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)
local function conditionalRequire(modulename)
if useRequire then
return require(modulename)
else
return mw.loadData(modulename)
end
end
local byName = conditionalRequire("Module:languages/canonical names")
local code = byName and byName[name]
local code = byName and byName[name]

if not code and allowEtymLang then
local retval = code and export.makeObject(code, getRawLanguageData(code)) or nil
byName = conditionalRequire("Module:etymology languages/canonical names")
if not retval and allowEtymLang then
code = byName and byName[name] or
retval = require("Module:etymology languages").getByCanonicalName(name)
byName[name:gsub(" [Ss]ubstrate$", "")] or
byName[name:gsub("^a ", "")] or
byName[name:gsub("^a ", ""):gsub(" [Ss]ubstrate$", "")] or
-- For etymology families like "ira-pro".
-- FIXME: This is not ideal, as it allows " languages" to be appended to any etymology-only language, too.
byName[name:match("^(.*) ဘာသာစကားများ$")]
end
end
if not retval and allowFamily then
if not code and allowFamily then
local famname = name:match("^(.*) languages$")
byName = conditionalRequire("Module:families/canonical names")
famname = famname or name
code = byName and byName[name] or
retval = require("Module:families").getByCanonicalName(famname)
byName[name:match("^(.*) ဘာသာစကားများ$")]
end
end
local retval = code and export.getByCode(code, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)
if not retval and errorIfInvalid then
if not retval and errorIfInvalid then
require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").canonicalName(name, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").canonicalName(name, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
end
end
return retval
return retval
end
end


--[==[Used by [[Module:languages/data/2]] (et al.) to add default types to the entities returned.]==]
--[[ If language is an etymology language, iterates through parent languages
function export.addDefaultTypes(data, regular, ...)
until it finds a non-etymology language. ]]
for _, entity in pairs(data) do
function export.getNonEtymological(lang)
-- "regular" encompasses everything that doesn't have another type already assigned.
while lang:getType() == "etymology language" do
if regular then
local parentCode = lang:getParentCode()
entity.type = entity.type or "regular"
lang = export.getByCode(parentCode)
end
or require("Module:etymology languages").getByCode(parentCode)
local types = table.concat({...}, ", ")
or require("Module:families").getByCode(parentCode)
if #types > 0 then
entity.type = types .. (entity.type and (", " .. entity.type) or "")
end
end
end
return data
end
return lang

--[==[Used by [[Module:etymology languages/data]] and [[Module:families/data/etymology]] to finalize the data into the format that is actually returned.]==]
function export.finalizeEtymologyData(data)
local aliases = {}
for code, entity in pairs(data) do
-- Move parent to 5 and family to 3.
data[code][5] = data[code][3]
data[code][3] = data[code].family
data[code].family = nil
-- Assign any alias codes listed in alias_codes. The main_code field is used to make sure objects always use that to identify themselves, which means all aliases are fungible with their counterparts.
if entity.alias_codes then
entity.main_code = code
for _, alias in ipairs(entity.alias_codes) do
aliases[alias] = entity
end
entity.alias_codes = nil
end
end
for code, alias in pairs(aliases) do
data[code] = alias
end
return data
end
end


-- for backwards compatibility only; modules should require the /error themselves
--[==[For backwards compatibility only; modules should require the /error themselves.]==]
function export.err(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)
function export.err(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)
return require("Module:languages/error")(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)
return require("Module:languages/error")(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)

ၶိုၼ်းၶူၼ်ႉၶႆႈၼင်ႇ 22:58, 29 ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ 2023


This module is used to retrieve and manage the languages that can have Wiktionary entries, and the information associated with them. See Wiktionary:Languages for more information.

For the languages and language varieties that may be used in etymologies, see Module:etymology languages. For language families, which sometimes also appear in etymologies, see Module:families.

This module provides access to other modules. To access the information from within a template, see Module:languages/templates.

The information itself is stored in the various data modules that are subpages of this module. These modules should not be used directly by any other module, the data should only be accessed through the functions provided by this module.

Data submodules:

Extra data submodules (for less frequently used data):

Finding and retrieving languages

The module exports a number of functions that are used to find languages.

export.getDataModuleName

function export.getDataModuleName(code)

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

export.getExtraDataModuleName

function export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

export.makeObject

function export.makeObject(code, data, useRequire)

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

export.getByCode

function export.getByCode(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)

Finds the language whose code matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a Language object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns nil, unless paramForError is given, in which case an error is generated. If paramForError is true, a generic error message mentioning the bad code is generated; otherwise paramForError should be a string or number specifying the parameter that the code came from, and this parameter will be mentioned in the error message along with the bad code. If allowEtymLang is specified, etymology language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If allowFamily is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.

export.getByName

function export.getByName(name, errorIfInvalid)

Like getByCanonicalName(), except it also looks at the otherNames listed in the non-etymology language data modules, and does not (currently) have options to look up etymology languages and families.

export.getByCanonicalName

function export.getByCanonicalName(name, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)

Finds the language whose canonical name (the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary) or other name matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a Language object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns nil, unless paramForError is given, in which case an error is generated. If allowEtymLang is specified, etymology language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If allowFamily is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.

The canonical name of languages should always be unique (it is an error for two languages on Wiktionary to share the same canonical name), so this is guaranteed to give at most one result.

This function is powered by Module:languages/canonical names, which contains a pre-generated mapping of non-etymology-language canonical names to codes. It is generated by going through the Category:Language data modules for non-etymology languages. When allowEtymLang is specified for the above function, Module:etymology languages/canonical names may also be used, and when allowFamily is specified for the above function, Module:families/canonical names may also be used.

export.addDefaultTypes

function export.addDefaultTypes(data, regular, ...)

Used by Module:languages/data/2 (et al.) to add default types to the entities returned.

export.finalizeEtymologyData

function export.finalizeEtymologyData(data)

Used by Module:etymology languages/data and Module:families/data/etymology to finalize the data into the format that is actually returned.

export.err

function export.err(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)

For backwards compatibility only; modules should require the /error themselves.

Language objects

A Language object is returned from one of the functions above. It is a Lua representation of a language and the data associated with it. It has a number of methods that can be called on it, using the : syntax. For example: 

local m_languages = require("Module:languages")
local lang = m_languages.getByCode("fr")
local name = lang:getCanonicalName()
-- "name" will now be "French"

Language:getCode

function Language:getCode()

Returns the language code of the language. Example: "fr" for French.

Language:getCanonicalName

function Language:getCanonicalName()

Returns the canonical name of the language. This is the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary, and is guaranteed to be unique to that language alone. Example: "French" for French.

Language:getDisplayForm

function Language:getDisplayForm()

Returns the display form of the language. The display form of a language, family or script is the form it takes when appearing as the SOURCE in categories such as English terms derived from SOURCE or English given names from SOURCE, and is also the displayed text in :makeCategoryLink links. For regular and etymology languages, this is the same as the canonical name, but for families, it reads "NAME languages" (e.g. "Indo-Iranian languages"), and for scripts, it reads "NAME script" (e.g. "Arabic script").

Language:getOtherNames

function Language:getOtherNames(onlyOtherNames)

Returns a table of the "other names" that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {"Manx Gaelic", "Northern Manx", "Southern Manx"} for Manx. If onlyOtherNames is given and is non-nil, only names explicitly listed in the otherNames field are returned; otherwise, names listed under otherNames, aliases and varieties are combined together and returned. For example, for Manx, Manx Gaelic is listed as an alias, while Northern Manx and Southern Manx are listed as varieties. It should be noted that the otherNames field itself is deprecated, and entries listed there should eventually be moved to either aliases or varieties.

Language:getAliases

function Language:getAliases()

Returns a table of the aliases that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. Aliases are synonyms for the language in question. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {"High German", "New High German", "Deutsch"} for German.

Language:getVarieties

function Language:getVarieties(flatten)

Returns a table of the known subvarieties of a given language, excluding subvarieties that have been given explicit etymology language codes. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes a given name refers to a subvariety of more than one language. Example: {"Southern Aymara", "Central Aymara"} for Aymara. Note that the returned value can have nested tables in it, when a subvariety goes by more than one name. Example: {"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", {"Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar"}, {"Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay"}, "Sonqor"} for Azerbaijani. Here, for example, Afshar, Afshari, Afshar Azerbaijani and Afchar all refer to the same subvariety, whose preferred name is Afshar (the one listed first). To avoid a return value with nested tables in it, specify a non-nil value for the flatten parameter; in that case, the return value would be {"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", "Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar", "Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay", "Sonqor"}.

Language:hasType

function Language:hasType(...)

Given a list of types as strings, returns true if the language has all of them. Possible types are explained in Module:languages/data/2 and Module:etymology languages/data.

Language:getWikimediaLanguages

function Language:getWikimediaLanguages()

Returns a table containing WikimediaLanguage objects (see Module:wikimedia languages), which represent languages and their codes as they are used in Wikimedia projects for interwiki linking and such. More than one object may be returned, as a single Wiktionary language may correspond to multiple Wikimedia languages. For example, Wiktionary's single code sh (Serbo-Croatian) maps to four Wikimedia codes: sh (Serbo-Croatian), bs (Bosnian), hr (Croatian) and sr (Serbian). The code for the Wikimedia language is retrieved from the wikimedia_codes property in the data modules. If that property is not present, the code of the current language is used. If none of the available codes is actually a valid Wikimedia code, an empty table is returned.

Language:getWikimediaLanguageCodes

function Language:getWikimediaLanguageCodes()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getWikipediaArticle

function Language:getWikipediaArticle()

Returns the name of the Wikipedia article for the language. If the property wikipedia_article is present in the data module it will be used first, otherwise a sitelink will be generated from :getWikidataItem (if set). Otherwise :getCategoryName is used as fallback.

Language:makeWikipediaLink

function Language:makeWikipediaLink()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getWikidataItem

function Language:getWikidataItem()

Returns the Wikidata item id for the language or nil. This corresponds to the the second field in the data modules.

Language:getScripts

function Language:getScripts()

Returns a table of Script objects for all scripts that the language is written in. See Module:scripts.

Language:getScriptCodes

function Language:getScriptCodes()

Returns the table of script codes in the language's data file.

Language:findBestScript

function Language:findBestScript(text, forceDetect)

Given some text, this function iterates through the scripts of a given language and tries to find the script that best matches the text. It returns a Script object representing the script. If no match is found at all, it returns the None script object.

Language:getFamily

function Language:getFamily()

Returns a Family object for the language family that the language belongs to. See Module:families.

Language:getFamilyCode

function Language:getFamilyCode()

Returns the family code in the language's data file.

Language:getFamilyName

function Language:getFamilyName()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:inFamily

function Language:inFamily(...)

Check whether the language belongs to family (which can be a family code or object). A list of objects can be given in place of family; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families. Note that some languages (in particular, certain creoles) can have multiple immediate ancestors potentially belonging to different families; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families.

Language:getParent

function Language:getParent()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getParentCode

function Language:getParentCode()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getParentName

function Language:getParentName()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getParentChain

function Language:getParentChain()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:hasParent

function Language:hasParent(...)

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getNonEtymological

function Language:getNonEtymological()

If the language is an etymology language, this iterates through parents until a regular language or family is found, and the corresponding object is returned. If the language is a regular language, then it simply returns the language.

Language:getNonEtymologicalCode

function Language:getNonEtymologicalCode()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getNonEtymologicalName

function Language:getNonEtymologicalName()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getAncestors

function Language:getAncestors()

Returns a table of Language objects for all languages that this language is directly descended from. Generally this is only a single language, but creoles, pidgins and mixed languages can have multiple ancestors.

Language:getAncestorCodes

function Language:getAncestorCodes()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:hasAncestor

function Language:hasAncestor(...)

Given a list of language objects or codes, returns true if at least one of them is an ancestor. This includes any etymology-only children of that ancestor. If the language's ancestor(s) are etymology-only languages, it will also return true for those language parent(s) (e.g. if Vulgar Latin is the ancestor, it will also return true for its parent, Latin). However, a parent is excluded from this if the ancestor is also ancestral to that parent (e.g. if Classical Persian is the ancestor, Persian would return false, because Classical Persian is also ancestral to Persian).

Language:getAncestorChain

function Language:getAncestorChain()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getDescendants

function Language:getDescendants()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getDescendantCodes

function Language:getDescendantCodes()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getDescendantNames

function Language:getDescendantNames()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:hasDescendant

function Language:hasDescendant(...)

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getCategoryName

function Language:getCategoryName(nocap)

Returns the name of the main category of that language. Example: "French language" for French, whose category is at Category:French language. Unless optional argument nocap is given, the language name at the beginning of the returned value will be capitalized. This capitalization is correct for category names, but not if the language name is lowercase and the returned value of this function is used in the middle of a sentence.

Language:makeCategoryLink

function Language:makeCategoryLink()

Creates a link to the category; the link text is the canonical name.

Language:getStandardCharacters

function Language:getStandardCharacters(sc)

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:makeEntryName

function Language:makeEntryName(text, sc)

Make the entry name (i.e. the correct page name).

Language:generateForms

function Language:generateForms(text, sc)

Generates alternative forms using a specified method, and returns them as a table. If no method is specified, returns a table containing only the input term.

Language:makeSortKey

function Language:makeSortKey(text, sc)

Creates a sort key for the given entry name, following the rules appropriate for the language. This removes diacritical marks from the entry name if they are not considered significant for sorting, and may perform some other changes. Any initial hyphen is also removed, and anything parentheses is removed as well. The sort_key setting for each language in the data modules defines the replacements made by this function, or it gives the name of the module that takes the entry name and returns a sortkey.

Language:makeDisplayText

function Language:makeDisplayText(text, sc, keepPrefixes)

Make the display text (i.e. what is displayed on the page).

Language:transliterate

function Language:transliterate(text, sc, module_override)

Transliterates the text from the given script into the Latin script (see Wiktionary:Transliteration and romanization). The language must have the translit_module property for this to work; if it is not present, nil is returned. The sc parameter is handled by the transliteration module, and how it is handled is specific to that module. Some transliteration modules may tolerate nil as the script, others require it to be one of the possible scripts that the module can transliterate, and will show an error if it's not one of them. For this reason, the sc parameter should always be provided when writing non-language-specific code. The module_override parameter is used to override the default module that is used to provide the transliteration. This is useful in cases where you need to demonstrate a particular module in use, but there is no default module yet, or you want to demonstrate an alternative version of a transliteration module before making it official. It should not be used in real modules or templates, only for testing. All uses of this parameter are tracked by Template:tracking/module_override. Known bugs:

  • This function assumes tr(s1) .. tr(s2) == tr(s1 .. s2). When this assertion fails, wikitext markups like ''' can cause wrong transliterations.
  • HTML entities like &apos;, often used to escape wikitext markups, do not work.

Language:overrideManualTranslit

function Language:overrideManualTranslit()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:hasTranslit

function Language:hasTranslit()

Returns true if the language has a transliteration module, false if it doesn't.

Language:link_tr

function Language:link_tr()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:toJSON

function Language:toJSON(returnTable)

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Language:getRawData

function Language:getRawData()

This function is not for use in entries or other content pages. Returns a blob of data about the language. The format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes. -- Do NOT use these methods! -- All uses should be pre-approved on the talk page!

Language:getRawExtraData

function Language:getRawExtraData()

This function is not for use in entries or other content pages. Returns a blob of data about the language that contains the "extra data". Much like with getRawData, the format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes.

Language:loadInExtraData

function Language:loadInExtraData()

This function lacks documentation. Please add a description of its usages, inputs and outputs, or its difference from similar functions, or make it local to remove it from the function list.

Error function

See Module:languages/error.

ၼႃႈလိၵ်ႈၽႄ

တူၺ်းပႃး

local export = {}

local function track(page, code)
	local tracking_page = "languages/" .. page
	if code then
		require("Module:debug/track"){tracking_page, tracking_page .. "/" .. code}
	else
		require("Module:debug/track")(tracking_page)
	end
	return true
end

local checkObject = require("Module:utilities").check_object

local function make_language(code, data, useRequire)
	local function conditionalRequire(modulename)
		if useRequire then
			return require(modulename)
		else
			return mw.loadData(modulename)
		end
	end
	
	-- Temporarily convert various formatting characters to PUA to prevent them from being disrupted by the substitution process.
	local function doTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, noTrim)
		-- Clone so that we don't insert any extra patterns into the table in package.loaded.
		local patterns = require("Module:table").shallowcopy(require("Module:languages/data/patterns"))
		if keepCarets then
			table.insert(patterns, "((\\+)%^)")
			table.insert(patterns, "((%^))")
		end
		-- Ensure any whitespace at the beginning and end is temp substituted, to prevent it from being accidentally trimmed. We only want to trim any final spaces added during the substitution process (e.g. by a module), which means we only do this during the first round of temp substitutions.
		if not noTrim then
			table.insert(patterns, "^([\128-\191\244]*(%s+))")
			table.insert(patterns, "((%s+)[\128-\191\244]*)$")
		end
		-- Pre-substitution, of "[[" and "]]", which makes pattern matching more accurate.
		text = text
			:gsub("%f[%[]%[%[", "\1")
			:gsub("%f[%]]%]%]", "\2")
		local i, pe = #subbedChars, require("Module:utilities").pattern_escape
		for j, pattern in ipairs(patterns) do
			-- Patterns ending in \0 stand are for things like "[[" or "]]"), so the inserted PUA are treated as breaks between terms by modules that scrape info from pages.
			local term_divider
			pattern = pattern:gsub("%z$", function(divider)
				term_divider = divider == "\0"
				return ""
			end)
			text = text:gsub(pattern, function(...)
				local m = {...}
				local m1New = m[1]
				for k = 2, #m do
					local n = i + k - 1
					subbedChars[n] = m[k]
					local byte2 = math.floor(n / 4096) % 64 + (term_divider and 128 or 136)
					local byte3 = math.floor(n / 64) % 64 + 128
					local byte4 = n % 64 + 128
					m1New = m1New:gsub(pe(m[k]), "\244" .. string.char(byte2) .. string.char(byte3) .. string.char(byte4), 1)
				end
				i = i + #m - 1
				return m1New
			end)
		end
		text = text
			:gsub("\1", "%[%[")
			:gsub("\2", "%]%]")
		return text, subbedChars
	end
	
	-- Reinsert any formatting that was temporarily substituted.
	local function undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars)
		local pe = require("Module:utilities").pattern_escape
		for i = 1, #subbedChars do
			local byte2 = math.floor(i / 4096) % 64 + 128
			local byte3 = math.floor(i / 64) % 64 + 128
			local byte4 = i % 64 + 128
			text = text:gsub("\244[" .. string.char(byte2) .. string.char(byte2+8) .. "]" .. string.char(byte3) .. string.char(byte4), pe(subbedChars[i]))
		end
		text = text
			:gsub("\1", "%[%[")
			:gsub("\2", "%]%]")
		return text
	end
	
	-- Convert any HTML entities.
	local function noEntities(text)
		if text:match("&[^;]+;") then
			return require("Module:utilities").get_entities(text)
		else
			return text
		end
	end
	
	-- Check if the raw text is an unsupported title, and if so return that. Otherwise, remove HTML entities. We do the pre-conversion to avoid loading the unsupported title list unnecessarily.
	local function checkNoEntities(text)
		local textNoEnc = noEntities(text)
		if textNoEnc ~= text and conditionalRequire("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles[text] then
			return text
		else
			return textNoEnc
		end
	end
	
	-- If no script object is provided (or if it's invalid or None), get one.
	local function checkScript(text, self, sc)
		if not checkObject("script", true, sc) or sc:getCode() == "None" then
			return self:findBestScript(text)
		else
			return sc
		end
	end
	
	local function normalize(text, sc)
		text = sc:fixDiscouragedSequences(text)
		return sc:toFixedNFD(text)
	end
	
	-- Split the text into sections, based on the presence of temporarily substituted formatting characters, then iterate over each one to apply substitutions. This avoids putting PUA characters through language-specific modules, which may be unequipped for them.
	local function iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, self, sc, substitution_data, function_name)
		local pe = require("Module:utilities").pattern_escape
		local fail, cats, sections = nil, {}
		-- See [[Module:languages/data]].
		if not text:match("\244") or conditionalRequire("Module:languages/data").contiguous_substitution[self:getCode()] then
			sections = {text}
		else
			sections = mw.text.split(text, "[􀀀-􏿽]")
		end
		for i, section in ipairs(sections) do
			-- Don't bother processing empty strings or whitespace (which may also not be handled well by dedicated modules).
			if section:gsub("%s", "") ~= "" then
				local sub, sub_fail, sub_cats = require("Module:languages/doSubstitutions")(section, self, sc, substitution_data, function_name)
				-- Second round of temporary substitutions, in case any formatting was added by the main substitution process. However, don't do this if the section contains formatting already (as it would have had to have been escaped to reach this stage, and therefore should be given as raw text).
				if sub and subbedChars then
					local noSub
					for _, pattern in ipairs(require("Module:languages/data/patterns")) do
						if section:match(pattern .. "%z?") then
							noSub = true
						end
					end
					if not noSub then
						sub, subbedChars = doTempSubstitutions(sub, subbedChars, keepCarets, true)
					end
				end
				if (not sub) or sub_fail then
					text = sub
					fail = sub_fail
					cats = sub_cats or {}
					break
				end
				text = sub and text:gsub(pe(section), pe(sub), 1) or text
				if type(sub_cats) == "table" then
					for _, cat in ipairs(sub_cats) do
						table.insert(cats, cat)
					end
				end
			end
		end
		
		-- Trim, unless there are only spacing characters, while ignoring any final formatting characters.
		text = text and text
			:gsub("^([\128-\191\244]*)%s+(%S)", "%1%2")
			:gsub("(%S)%s+([\128-\191\244]*)$", "%1%2")
		
		-- Remove duplicate categories.
		if #cats > 1 then
			cats = require("Module:table").removeDuplicates(cats)
		end
		
		return text, fail, cats, subbedChars
	end
	
	-- Process carets (and any escapes). Default to simple removal, if no pattern/replacement is given.
	local function processCarets(text, pattern, repl)
		local rep
		repeat
			text, rep = text:gsub("\\\\(\\*^)", "\3%1")
		until rep == 0
		return text
			:gsub("\\^", "\4")
			:gsub(pattern or "%^", repl or "")
			:gsub("\3", "\\")
			:gsub("\4", "^")
	end
	
	-- Remove carets if they are used to capitalize parts of transliterations (unless they have been escaped).
	local function removeCarets(text, sc)
		if not sc:hasCapitalization() and sc:isTransliterated() and text:match("%^") then
			return processCarets(text)
		else
			return text
		end
	end
	
	local Language = {}
	
	--[==[Returns the language code of the language. Example: {{code|lua|"fr"}} for French.]==]
	function Language:getCode()
		return self._code
	end
	
	--[==[Returns the canonical name of the language. This is the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary, and is guaranteed to be unique to that language alone. Example: {{code|lua|"French"}} for French.]==]
	function Language:getCanonicalName()
		return self._rawData[1]
	end
	
	--[==[Returns the display form of the language. The display form of a language, family or script is the form it takes when appearing as the ''SOURCE'' in categories such as <code>English terms derived from ''SOURCE''</code> or <code>English given names from ''SOURCE''</code>, and is also the displayed text in <code>:makeCategoryLink</code> links. For regular and etymology languages, this is the same as the canonical name, but for families, it reads "NAME languages" (e.g. {{code|lua|"Indo-Iranian languages"}}), and for scripts, it reads "NAME script" (e.g. {{code|lua|"Arabic script"}}).]==]
	function Language:getDisplayForm()
		if not self._displayForm then
			local form = self:getCanonicalName()
			-- Add article and " substrate" if a substrate that lacks them.
			if self:getFamilyCode() == "qfa-sub" then
				if not (form:find("^[Tt]he ") or form:find("^[Aa] ")) then
					form = "a " .. form
				end
				if not form:find("[Ss]ubstrate") then
					form = form .. " substrate"
				end
			end
			self._displayForm = form
		end
		return self._displayForm
	end
	
	--[==[Returns a table of the "other names" that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {{code|lua|{"Manx Gaelic", "Northern Manx", "Southern Manx"} }} for [[:Category:Manx language|Manx]]. If <code>onlyOtherNames</code> is given and is non-{{code|lua|nil}}, only names explicitly listed in the <code>otherNames</code> field are returned; otherwise, names listed under <code>otherNames</code>, <code>aliases</code> and <code>varieties</code> are combined together and returned. For example, for Manx, Manx Gaelic is listed as an alias, while Northern Manx and Southern Manx are listed as varieties. It should be noted that the <code>otherNames</code> field itself is deprecated, and entries listed there should eventually be moved to either <code>aliases</code> or <code>varieties</code>.]==]
	function Language:getOtherNames(onlyOtherNames)
		if #self._stack == 1 then
			self:loadInExtraData()
		end
		return require("Module:language-like").getOtherNames(self, onlyOtherNames)
	end
	
	--[==[Returns a table of the aliases that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. Aliases are synonyms for the language in question. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {{code|lua|{"High German", "New High German", "Deutsch"} }} for [[:Category:German language|German]].]==]
	function Language:getAliases()
		if #self._stack == 1 then
			self:loadInExtraData()
		end
		return self._rawData.aliases or (self._extraData and self._extraData.aliases) or {}
	end
	
	--[==[Returns a table of the known subvarieties of a given language, excluding subvarieties that have been given explicit etymology language codes. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes a given name refers to a subvariety of more than one language. Example: {{code|lua|{"Southern Aymara", "Central Aymara"} }} for [[:Category:Aymara language|Aymara]]. Note that the returned value can have nested tables in it, when a subvariety goes by more than one name. Example: {{code|lua|{"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", {"Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar"}, {"Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay"}, "Sonqor"} }} for [[:Category:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]. Here, for example, Afshar, Afshari, Afshar Azerbaijani and Afchar all refer to the same subvariety, whose preferred name is Afshar (the one listed first). To avoid a return value with nested tables in it, specify a non-{{code|lua|nil}} value for the <code>flatten</code> parameter; in that case, the return value would be {{code|lua|{"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", "Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar", "Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay", "Sonqor"} }}.]==]
	function Language:getVarieties(flatten)
		if #self._stack == 1 then
			self:loadInExtraData()
		end
		return require("Module:language-like").getVarieties(self, flatten)
	end
	
	--[==[Given a list of types as strings, returns true if the language has all of them. Possible types are explained in [[Module:languages/data/2]] and [[Module:etymology languages/data]].]==]
	function Language:hasType(...)
		if not self._type then
			self._type = {language = true}
			if self:getNonEtymologicalCode() == self:getCode() then
				self._type.full = true
			else
				self._type["etymology-only"] = true
			end
			for _, type in ipairs(mw.text.split(self._rawData.type, "%s*,%s*")) do
				self._type[type] = true
			end
		end
		for _, type in ipairs{...} do
			if not self._type[type] then
				return false
			end
		end
		return true
	end
	
	--[==[Returns a table containing <code>WikimediaLanguage</code> objects (see [[Module:wikimedia languages]]), which represent languages and their codes as they are used in Wikimedia projects for interwiki linking and such. More than one object may be returned, as a single Wiktionary language may correspond to multiple Wikimedia languages. For example, Wiktionary's single code <code>sh</code> (Serbo-Croatian) maps to four Wikimedia codes: <code>sh</code> (Serbo-Croatian), <code>bs</code> (Bosnian), <code>hr</code> (Croatian) and <code>sr</code> (Serbian).
	The code for the Wikimedia language is retrieved from the <code>wikimedia_codes</code> property in the data modules. If that property is not present, the code of the current language is used. If none of the available codes is actually a valid Wikimedia code, an empty table is returned.]==]
	function Language:getWikimediaLanguages()
		if not self._wikimediaLanguageObjects then
			local m_wikimedia_languages = require("Module:wikimedia languages")
			self._wikimediaLanguageObjects = {}
			local wikimedia_codes = self:getWikimediaLanguageCodes()
			for _, wlangcode in ipairs(wikimedia_codes) do
				table.insert(self._wikimediaLanguageObjects, m_wikimedia_languages.getByCode(wlangcode))
			end
		end
		return self._wikimediaLanguageObjects
	end
	
	function Language:getWikimediaLanguageCodes()
		if not self._wikimediaLanguageCodes then
			self._wikimediaLanguageCodes = self._rawData.wikimedia_codes or {self:getCode()}
		end
		return self._wikimediaLanguageCodes
	end
	
	--[==[Returns the name of the Wikipedia article for the language. If the property <code>wikipedia_article</code> is present in the data module it will be used first, otherwise a sitelink will be generated from <code>:getWikidataItem</code> (if set). Otherwise <code>:getCategoryName</code> is used as fallback.]==]
	function Language:getWikipediaArticle()
		if not self._wikipedia_article then
			if self._rawData.wikipedia_article then
				self._wikipedia_article = self._rawData.wikipedia_article
			elseif self:getWikidataItem() and mw.wikibase then
				self._wikipedia_article = mw.wikibase.sitelink(self:getWikidataItem(), 'enwiki')
			end
			if not self._wikipedia_article then
				self._wikipedia_article = self:getCategoryName():gsub("Creole language", "Creole")
			end
		end
		return self._wikipedia_article
	end
	
	function Language:makeWikipediaLink()
		return "[[w:" .. self:getWikipediaArticle() .. "|" .. self:getCanonicalName() .. "]]"
	end
	
	--[==[Returns the Wikidata item id for the language or <code>nil</code>. This corresponds to the the second field in the data modules.]==]
	function Language:getWikidataItem()
		if not self._WikidataItem then
			local item = self._rawData[2]
			if type(item) == "number" then
				self._WikidataItem = "Q" .. item
			else
				self._WikidataItem = item
			end
		end
		return self._WikidataItem
	end
	
	--[==[Returns a table of <code>Script</code> objects for all scripts that the language is written in. See [[Module:scripts]].]==]
	function Language:getScripts()
		if not self._scriptObjects then
			self._scriptObjects = {}
			if self:getScriptCodes()[1] == "All" then
				self._scriptObjects = conditionalRequire("Module:scripts/data")
			else
				for _, sc in ipairs(self:getScriptCodes()) do
					table.insert(self._scriptObjects, require("Module:scripts").getByCode(sc, nil, nil, useRequire))
				end
			end
		end
		return self._scriptObjects
	end
	
	--[==[Returns the table of script codes in the language's data file.]==]
	function Language:getScriptCodes()
		if not self._scriptCodes then
			self._scriptCodes = self._rawData[4] or {"None"}
		end
		return self._scriptCodes
	end
	
	--[==[Given some text, this function iterates through the scripts of a given language and tries to find the script that best matches the text. It returns a {{code|lua|Script}} object representing the script. If no match is found at all, it returns the {{code|lua|None}} script object.]==]
	function Language:findBestScript(text, forceDetect)
		if (not text) or text == "" or text == "-" then
			return require("Module:scripts").getByCode("None", nil, nil, useRequire)
		end
		
		if table.concat(self:getScriptCodes()) == "All" then
			return require("Module:scripts").findBestScriptWithoutLang(text)
		end
		
		local scripts = self:getScripts()
		
		if not scripts[2] and not forceDetect then
			-- Necessary, because Hani covers the entire Han range (while the Hant & Hans lists don't list shared characters).
			if scripts[1]:getCode():match("^Han") and require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Hani", nil, nil, useRequire):countCharacters(text) > 0 then
				return scripts[1]
			elseif scripts[1]:countCharacters(text) > 0 then
				return scripts[1]
			else
				return require("Module:scripts").getByCode("None", nil, nil, useRequire)
			end
		end
		
		return require("Module:languages/findBestScript")(export, self, text, scripts, forceDetect, useRequire)
	end
	
	--[==[Returns a <code>Family</code> object for the language family that the language belongs to. See [[Module:families]].]==]
	function Language:getFamily()
		if self._familyObject == nil then
			local familyCode = self:getFamilyCode()
			if familyCode then
				self._familyObject = require("Module:families").getByCode(familyCode, useRequire)
			-- Still memoize a nil result.
			else
				self._familyObject = false
			end
		end
		return self._familyObject or nil
	end
	
	--[==[Returns the family code in the language's data file.]==]
	function Language:getFamilyCode()
		if not self._familyCode then
			self._familyCode = self._rawData[3]
		end
		return self._familyCode
	end
	
	function Language:getFamilyName()
		if self._familyName == nil then
			local family = self:getFamily()
			if family then
				self._familyName = family:getCanonicalName()
			else
				self._familyName = false
			end
		end
		return self._familyName or nil
	end
	
	--[==[Check whether the language belongs to `family` (which can be a family code or object). A list of objects can be given in place of `family`; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families. Note that some languages (in particular, certain creoles) can have multiple immediate ancestors potentially belonging to different families; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families.]==]
	function Language:inFamily(...)
		--checkObject("family", nil, ...)
		for _, family in ipairs{...} do
			if type(family) == "table" then
				family = family:getCode()
			end
			if not self:getFamilyCode() then
				return false
			elseif self:getFamilyCode() == family or self:getFamily():inFamily(family) then
				return true
			else
				local ancestors = self:getAncestors()
				for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
					if ancestor:inFamily(family) then
						return true
					end
				end
			end
		end
		return false
	end
	
	function Language:getParent()
		if self._parentObject == nil then
			local parentCode = self:getParentCode()
			if parentCode then
				self._parentObject = export.getByCode(parentCode, nil, true, true, useRequire)
			else
				self._parentObject = false
			end
		end
		return self._parentObject or nil
	end
	
	function Language:getParentCode()
		if not self._parentCode then
			self._parentCode = self._rawData[5]
		end
		return self._parentCode
	end
	
	function Language:getParentName()
		if self._parentName == nil then
			local parent = self:getParent()
			if parent then
				self._parentName = parent:getCanonicalName()
			else
				self._parentName = false
			end
		end
		return self._parentName or nil
	end
	
	function Language:getParentChain()
		if not self._parentChain then
			self._parentChain = {}
			local parent = self:getParent()
			while parent do
				table.insert(self._parentChain, parent)
				parent = parent:getParent()
			end
		end
		return self._parentChain
	end
	
	function Language:hasParent(...)
		--checkObject("language", nil, ...)
		for _, otherlang in ipairs{...} do
			for _, parent in ipairs(self:getParentChain()) do
				if type(otherlang) == "string" then
					if otherlang == parent:getCode() then return true end
				else
					if otherlang:getCode() == parent:getCode() then return true end
				end
			end
		end
		return false
	end
	
	--[==[If the language is an etymology language, this iterates through parents until a regular language or family is found, and the corresponding object is returned. If the language is a regular language, then it simply returns the language.]==]
	function Language:getNonEtymological()
		if not self._nonEtymologicalObject then
			local nonEtymologicalCode = self:getNonEtymologicalCode()
			if nonEtymologicalCode ~= self:getCode() then
				self._nonEtymologicalObject = export.getByCode(nonEtymologicalCode, nil, nil, nil, useRequire)
			else
				self._nonEtymologicalObject = self
			end
		end
		return self._nonEtymologicalObject
	end
	
	function Language:getNonEtymologicalCode()
		return self._nonEtymologicalCode or self:getCode()
	end
	
	function Language:getNonEtymologicalName()
		if self._nonEtymologicalName == nil then
			local nonEtymological = self:getNonEtymological()
			if nonEtymological then
				self._nonEtymologicalName = nonEtymological:getCanonicalName()
			else
				self._nonEtymologicalName = false
			end
		end
		return self._nonEtymologicalName or nil
	end
	
	--[==[Returns a table of <code class="nf">Language</code> objects for all languages that this language is directly descended from. Generally this is only a single language, but creoles, pidgins and mixed languages can have multiple ancestors.]==]
	function Language:getAncestors()
		if not self._ancestorObjects then
			self._ancestorObjects = {}
			local ancestors = require("Module:table").shallowcopy(self:getAncestorCodes())
			if #ancestors > 0 then
				for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
					table.insert(self._ancestorObjects, export.getByCode(ancestor, nil, true, nil, useRequire))
				end
			else
				local fam = self:getFamily()
				local protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
				-- For the cases where the current language is the proto-language
				-- of its family, or an etymology language that is ancestral to that
				-- proto-language, we need to step up a level higher right from the
				-- start.
				if protoLang and (
					protoLang:getCode() == self:getCode() or
					(self:hasType("etymology-only") and protoLang:hasAncestor(self))
				) then
					fam = fam:getFamily()
					protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
				end
				while not protoLang and not (not fam or fam:getCode() == "qfa-not") do
					fam = fam:getFamily()
					protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil
				end
				table.insert(self._ancestorObjects, protoLang)
			end
		end
		return self._ancestorObjects
	end
	
	function Language:getAncestorCodes()
		if not self._ancestorCodes then
			local function get_codes(lang)
				return lang._rawData.ancestors or {}
			end
			local codes = get_codes(self)
			-- Avoid a language being its own ancestor via class inheritance. We only need to check for this if the language has inherited an ancestor table from its parent, because we never want to drop ancestors that have been explicitly set in the data.
			-- Recursively iterate over ancestors until we find a loop/run out. If a loop is found that involves the language, drop that ancestor.
			if #codes > 0 and #self._stack > 1 and not self._stack[#self._stack].ancestors then
				local function check_ancestor(i, code, seen)
					if seen[code] then
						if code == self:getCode() then
							table.remove(codes, i)
						end
					else
						seen[code] = true
						local ancestor = export.getByCode(code, nil, true, nil, useRequire)
						for _, ancestorCode in ipairs(get_codes(ancestor)) do
							check_ancestor(i, ancestorCode, seen)
						end
					end
				end
				for i, ancestorCode in ipairs(codes) do
					local seen = {[self:getCode()] = true}
					check_ancestor(i, ancestorCode, seen)
				end
			end
			self._ancestorCodes = codes
		end
		return self._ancestorCodes
	end
	
	--[==[Given a list of language objects or codes, returns true if at least one of them is an ancestor. This includes any etymology-only children of that ancestor. If the language's ancestor(s) are etymology-only languages, it will also return true for those language parent(s) (e.g. if Vulgar Latin is the ancestor, it will also return true for its parent, Latin). However, a parent is excluded from this if the ancestor is also ancestral to that parent (e.g. if Classical Persian is the ancestor, Persian would return false, because Classical Persian is also ancestral to Persian).]==]
	function Language:hasAncestor(...)
		--checkObject("language", nil, ...)
		
		local function iterateOverAncestorTree(node, func, parent_check)
			local ancestors = node:getAncestors()
			local ancestorsParents = {}
			for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
				local ret = func(ancestor) or iterateOverAncestorTree(ancestor, func, parent_check)
				if ret then return ret end
			end
			-- Check the parents of any ancestors. We don't do this if checking the parents of the other language, so that we exclude any etymology-only children of those parents that are not directly related (e.g. if the ancestor is Vulgar Latin and we are checking New Latin, we want it to return false because they are on different ancestral branches. As such, if we're already checking the parent of New Latin (Latin) we don't want to compare it to the parent of the ancestor (Latin), as this would be a false positive; it should be one or the other).
			if not parent_check then
				return nil
			end
			for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do
				local ancestorParents = ancestor:getParentChain()
				for _, ancestorParent in ipairs(ancestorParents) do
					if ancestorParent:getCode() == self:getCode() or ancestorParent:hasAncestor(ancestor) then
						break
					else
						table.insert(ancestorsParents, ancestorParent)
					end
				end
			end
			for _, ancestorParent in ipairs(ancestorsParents) do
				local ret = func(ancestorParent)
				if ret then return ret end
			end
		end
		
		local parent_check = true
		for _, otherlang in ipairs{...} do
			repeat
				if iterateOverAncestorTree(
					self,
					function(ancestor)
						if type(otherlang) == "string" then
							return ancestor:getCode() == otherlang
						else
							return ancestor:getCode() == otherlang:getCode()
						end
					end,
					parent_check
				) then
					return true
				elseif type(otherlang) == "string" then
					otherlang = export.getByCode(otherlang, nil, true, nil, useRequire)
				end
				otherlang = otherlang:getParent()
				parent_check = false
			until not otherlang
		end
		return false
	end
	
	function Language:getAncestorChain()
		if not self._ancestorChain then
			self._ancestorChain = {}
			local step = self
			while true do
				local ancestors = step:getAncestors()
				step = #ancestors == 1 and ancestors[1] or nil
				if not step then break end
				table.insert(self._ancestorChain, 1, step)
			end
		end
		return self._ancestorChain
	end
	
	local function fetch_descendants(self, format)
		local languages = require("Module:languages/code to canonical name")
		local etymology_languages = require("Module:etymology languages/code to canonical name")
		local families = require("Module:families/code to canonical name")
		local descendants = {}
		local family = self:getFamily()
		-- Iterate over all three datasets.
		for _, data in ipairs{languages, etymology_languages, families} do
			for code in pairs(data) do
				local lang = export.getByCode(code, nil, true, true, useRequire)
				-- Test for a descendant. Earlier tests weed out most candidates, while the more intensive tests are only used sparingly.
				if (
					( -- Not an alias code.
						(not lang._rawData.main_code) or
						lang._rawData.main_code == code
					) and
					code ~= self:getCode() and -- Not self.
					lang:inFamily(family) and -- In the same family.
					(
						family:getProtoLanguageCode() == self:getCode() or -- Self is the protolanguage.
						self:hasDescendant(lang) or -- Full hasDescendant check.
						(lang:getNonEtymologicalCode() == self:getCode() and not self:hasAncestor(lang)) -- Etymology-only child which isn't an ancestor.
					)
				) then
					if format == "object" then
						table.insert(descendants, lang)
					elseif format == "code" then
						table.insert(descendants, code)
					elseif format == "name" then
						table.insert(descendants, lang:getCanonicalName())
					end
				end
			end
		end
		return descendants
	end
	
	function Language:getDescendants()
		if not self._descendantObjects then
			self._descendantObjects = fetch_descendants(self, "object")
		end
		return self._descendantObjects
	end
	
	function Language:getDescendantCodes()
		if not self._descendantCodes then
			self._descendantCodes = fetch_descendants(self, "code")
		end
		return self._descendantCodes
	end
	
	function Language:getDescendantNames()
		if not self._descendantNames then
			self._descendantNames = fetch_descendants(self, "name")
		end
		return self._descendantNames
	end
	
	function Language:hasDescendant(...)
		for _, lang in ipairs{...} do
			if type(lang) == "string" then
				lang = export.getByCode(lang, nil, true, nil, useRequire)
			end
			if lang:hasAncestor(self) then
				return true
			end
		end
		return false
	end
	
	--[==[Returns the name of the main category of that language. Example: {{code|lua|"French language"}} for French, whose category is at [[:Category:French language]]. Unless optional argument <code>nocap</code> is given, the language name at the beginning of the returned value will be capitalized. This capitalization is correct for category names, but not if the language name is lowercase and the returned value of this function is used in the middle of a sentence.]==]
	function Language:getCategoryName(nocap)
		if not self._categoryName then
			local name = self:getCanonicalName()
			-- Only add " language" if a regular language.
			if #self._stack == 1 then
				-- If the name already has "language" in it, don't add it.
				if not name:match("[Ll]anguage$") then
					name = name .. " language"
				end
			end
			self._categoryName = name
		end
		if nocap then
			return self._categoryName
		else
			return mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(self._categoryName)
		end
	end
	
	--[==[Creates a link to the category; the link text is the canonical name.]==]
	function Language:makeCategoryLink()
		return "[[:Category:" .. self:getCategoryName() .. "|" .. self:getDisplayForm() .. "]]"
	end
	
	function Language:getStandardCharacters(sc)
		if type(self._rawData.standardChars) ~= "table" then
			return self._rawData.standardChars
		else
			if sc and type(sc) ~= "string" then
				checkObject("script", nil, sc)
				sc = sc:getCode()
			end
			if (not sc) or sc == "None" then
				local scripts = {}
				for _, script in pairs(self._rawData.standardChars) do
					table.insert(scripts, script)
				end
				return table.concat(scripts)
			end
			if self._rawData.standardChars[sc] then
				return self._rawData.standardChars[sc] .. (self._rawData.standardChars[1] or "")
			end
		end
	end
	
	--[==[Make the entry name (i.e. the correct page name).]==]
	function Language:makeEntryName(text, sc)
		if (not text) or text == "" then
			return text, nil, {}
		end
		
		-- Set `unsupported` as true if certain conditions are met.
		local unsupported
		-- If there's an underscore.
		if text:find("_") then
			track("underscore")
			unsupported = true
		-- If it looks like an interwiki link.
		elseif text:find(":") and text ~= ":" then
			local m_utildata = conditionalRequire("Module:utilities/data")
			local prefix = text:gsub("^:*(.-):.*", mw.ustring.lower)
			if m_utildata.interwikis[prefix] or m_utildata.namespaces[prefix] then
				unsupported = true
			end
		end
		
		-- Check if the text is a listed unsupported title.
		local unsupportedTitles = conditionalRequire("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles
		if unsupportedTitles[text] then
			return "Unsupported titles/" .. unsupportedTitles[text], nil, {}
		end
		
		sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
		
		local fail, cats
		text = normalize(text, sc)
		text, fail, cats = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, nil, nil, self, sc, self._rawData.entry_name, "makeEntryName")
		
		text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "^[¿¡]?([^%s%p]+)%s*[؟?!;՛՜ ՞ ՟？！︖︕।॥။၊་།]?$", "%1") or text
		text = unsupported and "Unsupported titles/" .. text or text
		
		return text, fail, cats
	end
	
	--[==[Generates alternative forms using a specified method, and returns them as a table. If no method is specified, returns a table containing only the input term.]==]
	function Language:generateForms(text, sc)
		if self._rawData.generate_forms then
			sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
			return require("Module:" .. self._rawData.generate_forms).generateForms(text, self:getCode(), sc:getCode())
		else
			return {text}
		end
	end
	
	--[==[Creates a sort key for the given entry name, following the rules appropriate for the language. This removes diacritical marks from the entry name if they are not considered significant for sorting, and may perform some other changes. Any initial hyphen is also removed, and anything parentheses is removed as well.
	The <code>sort_key</code> setting for each language in the data modules defines the replacements made by this function, or it gives the name of the module that takes the entry name and returns a sortkey.]==]
	function Language:makeSortKey(text, sc)
		if (not text) or text == "" then
			return text, nil, {}
		end
		if text:find("<[^<>]+>") then
			track("track HTML tag")
		end
		-- Remove soft hyphens, strip markers and HTML tags.
		text = text:gsub("­", "")
		text = mw.text.unstrip(text)
			:gsub("<[^<>]+>", "")
		
		text = mw.uri.decode(text, "PATH")
		text = checkNoEntities(text)
		
		-- Remove initial hyphens and * unless the term only consists of spacing + punctuation characters.
		text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "^([􀀀-􏿽]*)[-־ـ᠊*]+([􀀀-􏿽]*)(.*[^%s%p].*)", "%1%2%3")
		
		sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
		
		text = normalize(text, sc)
		text = removeCarets(text, sc)
		
		-- For languages with dotted dotless i, ensure that "İ" is sorted as "i", and "I" is sorted as "ı".
		if self._rawData.dotted_dotless_i then
			text = text
				:gsub(mw.ustring.toNFD("İ"), "i")
				:gsub("I", "ı")
			text = sc:toFixedNFD(text)
		end
		-- Convert to lowercase, make the sortkey, then convert to uppercase. Where the language has dotted dotless i, it is usually not necessary to convert "i" to "İ" and "ı" to "I" first, because "I" will always be interpreted as conventional "I" (not dotless "İ") by any sorting algorithms, which will have been taken into account by the sortkey substitutions themselves. However, if no sortkey substitutions have been specified, then conversion is necessary so as to prevent "i" and "ı" both being sorted as "I".
		-- An exception is made for scripts that (sometimes) sort by scraping page content, as that means they are sensitive to changes in capitalization (as it changes the target page).
		local fail, cats
		if not sc:sortByScraping() then
			text = mw.ustring.lower(text)
		end
		
		text, fail, cats = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, nil, nil, self, sc, self._rawData.sort_key, "makeSortKey")
		
		if not sc:sortByScraping() then
			if self._rawData.dotted_dotless_i and not self._rawData.sort_key then
				text = text
					:gsub("ı", "I")
					:gsub("i", "İ")
				text = sc:toFixedNFC(text)
			end
			text = mw.ustring.upper(text)
		end
		
		-- Remove parentheses, as long as they are either preceded or followed by something.
		text = text
			:gsub("(.)[()]+", "%1")
			:gsub("[()]+(.)", "%1")
		
		text = require("Module:string utilities").escape_risky_characters(text)
		return text, fail, cats
	end
	
	--[==[Create the form used as as a basis for display text and transliteration.]==]
	local function processDisplayText(text, self, sc, keepCarets, keepPrefixes)
		local subbedChars = {}
		text, subbedChars = doTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets)
		
		text = mw.uri.decode(text, "PATH")
		text = checkNoEntities(text)
		
		sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
		local fail, cats
		text = normalize(text, sc)
		text, fail, cats, subbedChars = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, self, sc, self._rawData.display_text, "makeDisplayText")
		
		text = removeCarets(text, sc)
		
		-- Remove any interwiki link prefixes (unless they have been escaped or this has been disabled).
		if text:match(":") and not keepPrefixes then
			local m_utildata, rep = conditionalRequire("Module:utilities/data")
			repeat
				text, rep = text:gsub("\\\\(\\*:)", "\3%1")
			until rep == 0
			text = text
				:gsub("\\:", "\4")
			while true do
				local prefix = text:gsub("^(.-):.+", function(m1)
					return m1:gsub("\244[\128-\191]*", "")
				end)
				if not prefix or prefix == text then
					break
				end
				local lower_prefix = mw.ustring.lower(prefix)
				if not (m_utildata.interwikis[lower_prefix] or prefix == "") then
					break
				end
				text = text:gsub("^(.-):(.*)", function(m1, m2)
					local ret = {}
					for subbedChar in m1:gmatch("\244[\128-\191]*") do
						table.insert(ret, subbedChar)
					end
					return table.concat(ret) .. m2
				end)
			end
			text = text
				:gsub("\3", "\\")
				:gsub("\4", ":")
		end
		
		return text, fail, cats, subbedChars
	end
	
	--[==[Make the display text (i.e. what is displayed on the page).]==]
	function Language:makeDisplayText(text, sc, keepPrefixes)
		if (not text) or text == "" then
			return text, nil, {}
		end
		
		local fail, cats, subbedChars
		text, fail, cats, subbedChars = processDisplayText(text, self, sc, nil, keepPrefixes)
		
		text = require("Module:string utilities").escape_risky_characters(text)
		return undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars), fail, cats
	end
	
	--[==[Transliterates the text from the given script into the Latin script (see [[Wiktionary:Transliteration and romanization]]). The language must have the <code>translit_module</code> property for this to work; if it is not present, {{code|lua|nil}} is returned.
	The <code>sc</code> parameter is handled by the transliteration module, and how it is handled is specific to that module. Some transliteration modules may tolerate {{code|lua|nil}} as the script, others require it to be one of the possible scripts that the module can transliterate, and will show an error if it's not one of them. For this reason, the <code>sc</code> parameter should always be provided when writing non-language-specific code.
	The <code>module_override</code> parameter is used to override the default module that is used to provide the transliteration. This is useful in cases where you need to demonstrate a particular module in use, but there is no default module yet, or you want to demonstrate an alternative version of a transliteration module before making it official. It should not be used in real modules or templates, only for testing. All uses of this parameter are tracked by [[Template:tracking/module_override]].
	'''Known bugs''':
	* This function assumes {tr(s1) .. tr(s2) == tr(s1 .. s2)}. When this assertion fails, wikitext markups like <nowiki>'''</nowiki> can cause wrong transliterations.
	* HTML entities like <code>&amp;apos;</code>, often used to escape wikitext markups, do not work.]==]
	function Language:transliterate(text, sc, module_override)
		-- If there is no text, or the language doesn't have transliteration data and there's no override, return nil.
		if not (self._rawData.translit or module_override) then
			return nil, true, {}
		elseif (not text) or text == "" or text == "-" then
			return text, nil, {}
		end
		-- If the script is not transliteratable (and no override is given), return nil.
		sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)
		if not (sc:isTransliterated() or module_override) then
			return nil, true, {}
		end
		
		-- Remove any strip markers.
		text = mw.text.unstrip(text)
		
		-- Get the display text with the keepCarets flag set.
		local fail, cats, subbedChars
		text, fail, cats, subbedChars = processDisplayText(text, self, sc, true)
		
		-- Transliterate (using the module override if applicable).
		text, fail, cats, subbedChars = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, true, self, sc, module_override or self._rawData.translit, "tr")
		
		-- Incomplete transliterations return nil.
		if text then
			if sc:countCharacters(text) > 0 then
				-- Remove any characters in (extended) Latin, which includes Latin characters also included in other scripts (as these are false positives). Anything remaining should only be script code "None" (e.g. numerals).
				local check_text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "[" .. require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Latinx"):getCharacters() .. "]", "")
				if require("Module:scripts").findBestScriptWithoutLang(check_text) ~= "None" then
					return nil, true, cats
				end
			end
		else
			return nil, true, cats
		end
		
		text = require("Module:string utilities").escape_risky_characters(text)
		text = undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars)
		
		-- If the script does not use capitalization, then capitalize any letters of the transliteration which are immediately preceded by a caret (and remove the caret).
		if text and not sc:hasCapitalization() and text:match("%^") then
			text = processCarets(text, "%^([\128-\191\244]*%*?)([^\128-\191\244][\128-\191]*)", function(m1, m2)
				return m1 .. mw.ustring.upper(m2)
			end)
		end
		
		-- Track module overrides.
		if module_override ~= nil then
			track("module_override")
		end
		
		return text, fail, cats
	end
	
	function Language:overrideManualTranslit()
		return not not self._rawData.override_translit
	end
	
	--[==[Returns {{code|lua|true}} if the language has a transliteration module, {{code|lua|false}} if it doesn't.]==]
	function Language:hasTranslit()
		return not not self._rawData.translit
	end
	
	function Language:link_tr()
		return not not self._rawData.link_tr
	end
	
	function Language:toJSON(returnTable)
		local entryNamePatterns = nil
		local entryNameRemoveDiacritics = nil
		
		if self._rawData.entry_name then
			entryNameRemoveDiacritics = self._rawData.entry_name.remove_diacritics
			if self._rawData.entry_name.from then
				entryNamePatterns = {}
				for i, from in ipairs(self._rawData.entry_name.from) do
					table.insert(entryNamePatterns, {from = from, to = self._rawData.entry_name.to[i] or ""})
				end
			end
		end
		
		if not self._type then
			self:hasType()
		end
		local types = {}
		for type in pairs(self._type) do
			table.insert(types, type)
		end
		
		local ret = {
			ancestors = self:getAncestorCodes(),
			canonicalName = self:getCanonicalName(),
			categoryName = self:getCategoryName("nocap"),
			code = self:getCode(),
			entryNamePatterns = entryNamePatterns,
			entryNameRemoveDiacritics = entryNameRemoveDiacritics,
			family = self:getFamilyCode(),
			otherNames = self:getOtherNames(true),
			aliases = self:getAliases(),
			varieties = self:getVarieties(),
			scripts = self:getScriptCodes(),
			parent = self._parentCode or nil,
			nonEtymological = self._nonEtymologicalCode or nil,
			type = types,
			wikimediaLanguages = self:getWikimediaLanguageCodes(),
			wikidataItem = self:getWikidataItem(),
		}
		
		ret = require("Module:table").deepcopy(ret)
	
		if returnTable then
			return ret
		else
			return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(ret)
		end
	end
	
	--[==[
	<span style="color: #BA0000">This function is not for use in entries or other content pages.</span>
	Returns a blob of data about the language. The format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes.
	-- Do NOT use these methods!
	-- All uses should be pre-approved on the talk page!
	]==]
	function Language:getRawData()
		local rawData = {}
		for _, element in ipairs(self._stack) do
			for k, v in pairs(element) do
				rawData[k] = v
			end
		end
		return rawData
	end
	
	--[==[<span style="color: #BA0000">This function is not for use in entries or other content pages.</span>
	Returns a blob of data about the language that contains the "extra data". Much like with getRawData, the format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes.]==]
	function Language:getRawExtraData()
		if #self._stack == 1 then
			self:loadInExtraData()
		end
		return self._extraData
	end
	
	local function getRawExtraLanguageData(code)
		local modulename = export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)
		return modulename and conditionalRequire("Module:" .. modulename)[code] or nil
	end

	function Language:loadInExtraData()
		if not self._extraData then
			-- load extra data from module and assign to _extraData field
			-- use empty table as a fallback if extra data is nil
			self._extraData = getRawExtraLanguageData(self:getCode()) or {}
		end
	end
	
	return Language
end

local function make_stack(code, data, parent, useRequire)
	parent.__index = parent
	
	local lang = {_code = code}
	
	-- Full language.
	if not parent._stack then
		-- Create stack, accessed with rawData metamethod.
		lang._stack = parent._rawData and {parent._rawData, data} or {data}
		lang._rawData = setmetatable({}, {
			__index = function(t, k)
				-- Data that isn't inherited from the parent.
				local function no_inherit(lang, t, k)
					if (
						k == "aliases" or
						k == "varieties" or
						k == "otherNames"
					) then
						return lang._stack[#lang._stack][k]
					end
				end
				-- Data that is appended by each generation.
				local function append_data(lang, t, k)
					if k == "type" then
						local parts = {}
						for i = 1, #lang._stack do
							table.insert(parts, lang._stack[i][k])
						end
						if type(parts[1]) == "string" then
							return table.concat(parts, ", ")
						end
					end
				end
				-- Otherwise, iterate down the stack, looking for a match.
				local function inherit_data(lang, t, k)
					local i = #lang._stack
					while not lang._stack[i][k] and i > 1 do
						i = i - 1
					end
					return lang._stack[i][k]
				end
				local ret = no_inherit(lang, t, k) or
					append_data(lang, t, k) or
					inherit_data(lang, t, k)
				if (
					k == 4 or
					k == "ancestors" or
					k == "wikimedia_codes"
				) then
					if type(ret) == "table" then
						return ret
					elseif type(ret) == "string" then
						return mw.text.split(ret, "%s*,%s*")
					end
				else
					return ret
				end
			end,
			-- Retain immutability (as writing to rawData will break functionality).
			__newindex = function()
				error("not allowed to edit rawData")
			end
		})
		-- Non-etymological code is the parent code.
		lang._nonEtymologicalCode = parent._code or code
	-- Etymology-only.
	else
		-- Copy over rawData and stack to the new object, and add new layer to stack.
		lang._rawData = parent._rawData
		lang._stack = parent._stack
		table.insert(lang._stack, data)
		-- Copy non-etymological code.
		lang._nonEtymologicalCode = parent._nonEtymologicalCode
	end
	
	return setmetatable(lang, parent)
end

function export.getDataModuleName(code)
	if code:match("^%l%l$") then
		return "languages/data/2"
	elseif code:match("^%l%l%l$") then
		local prefix = code:sub(1, 1)
		return "languages/data/3/" .. prefix
	elseif code:match("^[%l-]+$") then
		return "languages/data/exceptional"
	else
		return nil
	end
end

function export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)
	local dataModule = export.getDataModuleName(code)
	return dataModule and dataModule .. "/extra" or nil
end

function export.makeObject(code, data, useRequire)
	if not data then
		return nil
	end
	
	code = data.main_code or code
	
	if data.type:find("family") and not data[5] then
		return require("Module:families").makeObject(code, data, useRequire)
	else
		local parent
		if data[5] then
			parent = export.getByCode(data[5], nil, true, true, useRequire)
		else
			parent = make_language(code, data, useRequire)
		end
		return make_stack(code, data, parent, useRequire)
	end
end

--[==[Finds the language whose code matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a <code class="nf">Language</code> object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns {{code|lua|nil}}, unless <code class="n">paramForError</code> is given, in which case an error is generated. If <code class="n">paramForError</code> is {{code|lua|true}}, a generic error message mentioning the bad code is generated; otherwise <code class="n">paramForError</code> should be a string or number specifying the parameter that the code came from, and this parameter will be mentioned in the error message along with the bad code. If <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified, etymology language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.]==]
function export.getByCode(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)
	-- If called during a [[Module:preparser]] run, language objects are cached in a global frame so that they can be reused.
	if global_frame and global_frame.langs and global_frame.langs[code] then
		return global_frame.langs[code]
	end
	
	if type(code) ~= "string" then
		local typ
		if not code then
			typ = "nil"
		elseif checkObject("language", true, code) then
			typ = "a language object"
		elseif checkObject("family", true, code) then
			typ = "a family object"
		else
			typ = "a " .. type(code)
		end
		error("The function getByCode expects a string as its first argument, but received " .. typ .. ".")
	end
	
	local function conditionalRequire(modulename)
		if useRequire then
			return require(modulename)
		else
			return mw.loadData(modulename)
		end
	end
	
	local modulename = export.getDataModuleName(code)
	local data = modulename and
		conditionalRequire("Module:" .. modulename)[code] or
		(allowEtymLang and require("Module:etymology languages/track-bad-etym-code")(code) and conditionalRequire("Module:etymology languages/data")[code]) or
		(allowFamily and conditionalRequire("Module:families/data")[code]) or
		(allowEtymLang and allowFamily and conditionalRequire("Module:families/data/etymology")[code])
	
	local retval = code and data and export.makeObject(code, data, useRequire)
	
	if not retval and paramForError then
		require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").code(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
	end
	
	if global_frame and global_frame.langs then
		global_frame.langs[code] = retval
	end
	
	return retval
end

--[==[Like {{code|lua|getByCanonicalName()}}, except it also looks at the <code class="n">otherNames</code> listed in the non-etymology language data modules, and does not (currently) have options to look up etymology languages and families.]==]
function export.getByName(name, errorIfInvalid)
	local byName = mw.loadData("Module:languages/by name")
	local code = byName.all and byName.all[name] or byName[name]
	
	if not code then
		if errorIfInvalid then
			error("The language name \"" .. name .. "\" is not valid. See [[Wiktionary:List of languages]].")
		else
			return nil
		end
	end
	
	return export.getByCode(code)
end

--[==[Finds the language whose canonical name (the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary) or other name matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a <code class="nf">Language</code> object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns {{code|lua|nil}}, unless <code class="n">paramForError</code> is given, in which case an error is generated. If <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified, etymology language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.
The canonical name of languages should always be unique (it is an error for two languages on Wiktionary to share the same canonical name), so this is guaranteed to give at most one result.
This function is powered by [[Module:languages/canonical names]], which contains a pre-generated mapping of non-etymology-language canonical names to codes. It is generated by going through the [[:Category:Language data modules]] for non-etymology languages. When <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified for the above function, [[Module:etymology languages/canonical names]] may also be used, and when <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified for the above function, [[Module:families/canonical names]] may also be used.]==]
function export.getByCanonicalName(name, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)
	local function conditionalRequire(modulename)
		if useRequire then
			return require(modulename)
		else
			return mw.loadData(modulename)
		end
	end
	
	local byName = conditionalRequire("Module:languages/canonical names")
	local code = byName and byName[name]
	
	if not code and allowEtymLang then
		byName = conditionalRequire("Module:etymology languages/canonical names")
		code = byName and byName[name] or
			byName[name:gsub(" [Ss]ubstrate$", "")] or
			byName[name:gsub("^a ", "")] or
			byName[name:gsub("^a ", ""):gsub(" [Ss]ubstrate$", "")] or
			-- For etymology families like "ira-pro".
			-- FIXME: This is not ideal, as it allows " languages" to be appended to any etymology-only language, too.
			byName[name:match("^(.*) ဘာသာစကားများ$")]
	end
	
	if not code and allowFamily then
		byName = conditionalRequire("Module:families/canonical names")
		code = byName and byName[name] or
			byName[name:match("^(.*) ဘာသာစကားများ$")]
	end
	
	local retval = code and export.getByCode(code, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)
	
	if not retval and errorIfInvalid then
		require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").canonicalName(name, allowEtymLang, allowFamily)
	end
	
	return retval
end

--[==[Used by [[Module:languages/data/2]] (et al.) to add default types to the entities returned.]==]
function export.addDefaultTypes(data, regular, ...)
	for _, entity in pairs(data) do
		-- "regular" encompasses everything that doesn't have another type already assigned.
		if regular then
			entity.type = entity.type or "regular"
		end
		local types = table.concat({...}, ", ")
		if #types > 0 then
			entity.type =  types .. (entity.type and (", " .. entity.type) or "")
		end
	end
	return data
end

--[==[Used by [[Module:etymology languages/data]] and [[Module:families/data/etymology]] to finalize the data into the format that is actually returned.]==]
function export.finalizeEtymologyData(data)
	local aliases = {}
	for code, entity in pairs(data) do
		-- Move parent to 5 and family to 3.
		data[code][5] = data[code][3]
		data[code][3] = data[code].family
		data[code].family = nil
		-- Assign any alias codes listed in alias_codes. The main_code field is used to make sure objects always use that to identify themselves, which means all aliases are fungible with their counterparts.
		if entity.alias_codes then
			entity.main_code = code
			for _, alias in ipairs(entity.alias_codes) do
				aliases[alias] = entity
			end
			entity.alias_codes = nil
		end
	end
	for code, alias in pairs(aliases) do
		data[code] = alias
	end
	return data
end

--[==[For backwards compatibility only; modules should require the /error themselves.]==]
function export.err(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)
	return require("Module:languages/error")(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)
end

return export
ဢဝ်ၶိုၼ်းမႃးတီႈ "https://shn.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=မေႃႇၵျူး:languages&oldid=93449"